Huang Yi-Chen, Huang Pei-Ru, Lo Yuan-Ting C, Sun Chien-Wen, Pan Wen-Harn, Wang Shu-Li, Huang Han-Bin
Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
National Defense Medical Center, School of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
Front Nutr. 2021 Nov 17;8:766992. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.766992. eCollection 2021.
Phthalates esters are widely used commercially and can leach from a food container or food packaging. Few studies have been conducted in Asia regarding food processed to varying levels and human phthalate exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the association between unprocessed and ultra-processed food intake and urinary phthalate metabolite levels in the Taiwanese adult population. A total of 516 participant data were extracted from the cross-sectional 1993-1996 and 2005-2008 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan of those aged over 18 years, where urinary measures and one 24-h dietary recall were collected. Urinary concentrations of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites including monomethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate were measured in spot urine samples. The NOVA food processing classification system was applied to divide all consumed foods into four mutually exclusive groups including unprocessed or minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed food. Generalized linear models were employed to examine the associations between the percentage quartiles (Qs) of unprocessed and ultra-processed foods in the total weight of food and the urinary phthalate metabolites. Compared with participants in the lowest quartiles (Q1) of ultra-processed food intake, highest ultra-processed food intake (Q4) had 65.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.83, 162) higher urinary concentrations of MEP after adjusted for covariates. In contrast, the higher unprocessed food consumption was inversely associated with urinary concentrations of MEP and MBP ( for trend = 0.03). When compared to the lowest unprocessed food consumers (Q1), higher consumers (Q4) presented 38.6% (95% CI: -61.3, -2.59) lower MEP concentrations and 23.1% (95% CI: -38.5, -3.71) lower MBP concentrations. Ultra-processed food consumption was associated with increased concentrations of urinary MEP. Conversely, consuming unprocessed food was associated with lower concentrations of MEP and MBP in the Asian Taiwanese adult population.
邻苯二甲酸酯在商业上被广泛使用，并且可能从食品容器或食品包装中渗出。在亚洲，针对不同加工程度的食品以及人类邻苯二甲酸酯暴露情况的研究较少。本研究旨在评估台湾成年人群中未加工食品和超加工食品摄入量与尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物水平之间的关联。从1993 - 1996年以及2005 - 2008年台湾营养与健康横断面调查中提取了516名18岁以上参与者的数据，这些参与者均收集了尿液检测指标以及一次24小时饮食回忆。在即时尿样中测量了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯以及邻苯二甲酸二（2 - 乙基己基）酯代谢物的浓度，包括单甲基邻苯二甲酸酯、单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）、单丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBP）、单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯、单（2 - 乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯、单（2 - 乙基 - 5 - 羟基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯以及单（2 - 乙基 - 5 - 氧代己基）邻苯二甲酸酯。采用NOVA食品加工分类系统将所有摄入的食物分为四个相互排斥的组，包括未加工或最低限度加工的、加工烹饪配料、加工食品和超加工食品。使用广义线性模型来检验食品总重量中未加工食品和超加工食品的百分比四分位数（Qs）与尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物之间的关联。与超加工食品摄入量处于最低四分位数（Q1）的参与者相比，超加工食品摄入量最高（Q4）的参与者在调整协变量后，尿中MEP浓度高65.7%（95%置信区间[CI]：4.83，162）。相反，未加工食品消费增加与尿中MEP和MBP浓度呈负相关（趋势P = 0.03）。与未加工食品消费最低的消费者（Q1）相比，消费较高的消费者（Q4）的MEP浓度低38.6%（95% CI： - 61.3， - 2.59），MBP浓度低23.1%（95% CI： - 38.5， - 3.71）。超加工食品消费与尿中MEP浓度升高有关。相反，在亚洲台湾成年人群中，食用未加工食品与较低的MEP和MBP浓度有关。
