Effect of Pseudomonas putida-producing pyoverdine on copper uptake by Helianthus annuus cultivated on vineyard soils.

Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction was used to reduce the Cu load in vineyard soils. While performance is usually the endpoint of such studies, here we identified some mechanisms underlying Cu soil to plant transfer, particularly the role of siderophores in the extraction of Cu from the soil-bearing phases and its phytoavailability. Carbonated vs. non‑carbonated vineyard soils were cultivated with sunflower in rhizoboxes bioaugmented with Pseudomonas putida. gfp-Tagged P. putida was monitored in the soil and pyoverdine (Pvd), Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were measured in the soil solution. Trace elements (TE) were analysed in the roots and shoots. Plant growth and nutritional status were also measured. With bioaugmentation, the concentration of total Cu (vs. Cu) in the soil solution increased (decreased) by a factor of 1.6 to 2.6 (7 to 13) depending on the soil. The almost 1:1 relationship between the excess of Fe + Cu mobilized from the solid phase and the amount of Pvd in the soil solution in bioaugmented treatments suggests that Pvd mobilized Fe and Cu mainly by ligand-controlled dissolution via a 1:1 metal-Pvd complex. Bioaugmentation increased the Cu concentration by 17% in the shoots and by 93% in the roots, and by 30% to 60% the sunflower shoot biomass leading to an increase in the amount of Cu phytoextracted by up to 87%. The amount of Fe, Mn, Zn, and P also increased in the roots and shoots. Contrary to what was expected, carbonated soil did not increase the mobilization of TE. Our results showed that bioaugmentation increased phytoextraction, and its performance can be further improved by promoting the dissociation of Pvd-Cu complex in the solution at the soil-root interface.