Wang Yicheng, Kuntke Philipp, Saakes Michel, van der Weijden Renata D, Buisman Cees J N, Lei Yang
Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
Water Res. 2022 Feb 1;209:117891. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117891. Epub 2021 Nov 25.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for the growth and reproduction of organisms. Unfortunately, the natural P cycle has been broken by the overexploitation of P ores and the associated discharge of P into water bodies, which may trigger the eutrophication of water bodies in the short term and possible P shortage soon. Consequently, technologies emerged to recover P from wastewater to mitigate pollution and exploit secondary P resources. Electrochemically induced phosphate precipitation has the merit of achieving P recovery without dosing additional chemicals via creating a localized high pH environment near the cathode. We critically reviewed the development of electrochemically induced precipitation systems toward P removal and recovery over the past ten years. We summarized and discussed the effects of pH, current density, electrode configuration, and water matrix on the performance of electrochemical systems. Next to ortho P, we identified the potential and illustrated the mechanism of electrochemical P removal and recovery from non-ortho P compounds by combined anodic or anode-mediated oxidation and cathodic reduction (precipitation). Furthermore, we assessed the economic feasibility of electrochemical methods and concluded that they are more suitable for treating acidic P-rich waste streams. Despite promising potentials and significant progress in recent years, the application of electrochemical systems toward P recovery at a larger scale requires further research and development. Future work should focus on evaluating the system's performance under long-term operation, developing an automatic process for harvesting P deposits, and performing a detailed economic and life-cycle assessment.
磷（P）是生物体生长和繁殖所必需的元素。不幸的是，磷矿石的过度开采以及相关的磷排放到水体中，打破了自然的磷循环，这可能在短期内引发水体富营养化，并可能很快导致磷短缺。因此，出现了从废水中回收磷以减轻污染和开发二次磷资源的技术。电化学诱导磷酸盐沉淀的优点是，通过在阴极附近创造局部高pH环境，无需添加额外化学药剂即可实现磷回收。我们批判性地回顾了过去十年中电化学诱导沉淀系统在磷去除和回收方面的发展。我们总结并讨论了pH值、电流密度、电极配置和水基质对电化学系统性能的影响。除了正磷酸盐，我们还确定了通过阳极或阳极介导氧化与阴极还原（沉淀）相结合从非正磷酸盐化合物中去除和回收电化学磷的潜力，并阐述了其机制。此外，我们评估了电化学方法的经济可行性，得出它们更适合处理酸性富磷废物流的结论。尽管近年来有前景的潜力和重大进展，但电化学系统在更大规模上用于磷回收的应用仍需要进一步研究和开发。未来的工作应集中在评估系统在长期运行下的性能、开发自动收集磷沉积物的工艺以及进行详细的经济和生命周期评估。
