Niazi Anmol, Ahmad Mushtaq, Elnaggar Ashraf Y, Zafar Muhammad, Sultana Shazia, Majeed Salman, Hussein Enas E
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Department of Food Nutrition Science, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Microsc Res Tech. 2022 Apr;85(4):1320-1331. doi: 10.1002/jemt.23998. Epub 2021 Dec 8.
Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC-MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X-ray, and X-ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe O green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (-13°C), cloud point (-9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.
利用可再生和替代能源原料（如非食用种子油）来应对日益严重的能源危机和相关生态问题已引起研究人员的关注。生物柴油是柴油发动机的一种高效且可再生的替代品。这项工作研究了亚麻籽这种廉价非食用种子油通过酯交换过程使用硫酸铁绿色纳米催化剂合成生物柴油的潜力。通过索氏提取器估计亚麻籽含油量约为37.5%。光学显微镜显示种子长度在3.0至6.0厘米之间，宽度在2.0至3.3厘米之间，直径在0.7至1.0毫米之间。种子颜色从黄色到棕色不等。通过气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪（GC - MS）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）对生物柴油进行表征。进行扫描电子显微镜观察以研究种皮的形态特征。通过扫描电子显微镜、能量衍射X射线和X射线衍射对催化剂进行表征。发现Fe₂O₃绿色纳米颗粒的衍射峰在2θ值为30.24°、35.62°、38.26°、49.56°、57.12°和62.78°处。还测定了生物柴油的燃料特性并与美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）标准进行比较。亚麻生物柴油的密度为0.8722（15°C，kg/L），运动粘度为5.45（40°C，cSt），闪点（90°C），倾点（-13°C），浊点（-9°C），硫含量（0.0432% wt），总酸值（0.245毫克KOH/克）。得出结论，亚麻籽种子油是生物柴油生产的极具潜力的来源，以应对当前能源需求的挑战。
