Álvarez-Padilla Fernando, Dimitrov Dimitar, Giribet Gonzalo, Hormiga Gustavo
Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G Street NW, Washington DC 20052, USA.
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Cladistics. 2009 Apr;25(2):109-146. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00242.x. Epub 2009 Mar 30.
The monophyly of Tetragnathidae including the species composition of the family (e.g., Are Nephila and their relatives part of this lineage?), the phylogenetic relationships of its various lineages, and the exact placement of Tetragnathidae within Araneoidea have been three recalcitrant problems in spider systematics. Most studies on tetragnathid phylogeny have focused on morphological and behavioral data, but little molecular work has been published to date. To address these issues we combine previous morphological and behavioral data with novel molecular data including nuclear ribosomal RNA genes 18S and 28S, mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S and 16S and protein-coding genes from the mitochondrion [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] and from the nucleus (histone H3), totaling ca. 6.3 kb of sequence data per taxon. These data were analyzed using direct optimization and static homology using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. Our results indicate monophyly of Tetragnathidae, Tetragnathinae, Leucauginae, the "Nanometa clade" and the subfamily Metainae, which, with the exception of the later subfamily, received high nodal support. Morphological synapomorphies that support these clades are also discussed. The position of tetragnathids with respect to the rest of the araneoid spiders remains largely unresolved but tetragnathids and nephilids were never recovered as sister taxa. The combined dataset suggests that Nephilidae is sister to Araneidae; furthermore, the sister group of Nephila is the clade composed by Herennia plus Nephilengys and this pattern has clear implications for understanding the comparative biology of the group. Tetragnathidae is most likely sister to some members of the "reduced piriform clade" and nephilids constitute the most-basal lineage of araneids.
在蜘蛛系统学中，园蛛科的单系性（包括该科的物种组成，例如络新妇及其近缘种类是否属于这个谱系？）、其各个谱系的系统发育关系以及园蛛科在蛛形总科中的准确位置，一直是三个棘手的问题。大多数关于园蛛科系统发育的研究都集中在形态学和行为学数据上，但迄今为止，很少有分子生物学方面的研究发表。为了解决这些问题，我们将先前的形态学和行为学数据与新的分子数据相结合，这些分子数据包括核糖体RNA基因18S和28S、线粒体核糖体RNA基因12S和16S，以及来自线粒体的蛋白质编码基因[细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I（COI）]和来自细胞核的蛋白质编码基因（组蛋白H3），每个分类单元总共约有6.3 kb的序列数据。使用直接优化和静态同源性方法，通过简约法和贝叶斯法对这些数据进行了分析。我们的结果表明园蛛科、长脚蛛亚科、艾蛛亚科、“纳诺蛛类群”和后蛛亚科是单系的，除了后一个亚科外，其他类群都获得了较高的节点支持率。还讨论了支持这些类群的形态学共衍征。园蛛科相对于其他蛛形总科蜘蛛的位置在很大程度上仍未解决，但园蛛科和络新妇科从未被发现是姐妹类群。合并后的数据集表明，络新妇科是园蛛科的姐妹类群；此外，络新妇属的姐妹类群是由赫氏蛛属加上类络新妇属组成的类群，这种模式对于理解该类群的比较生物学具有明确的意义。园蛛科很可能是“简化梨形类群”某些成员的姐妹类群，而络新妇科则构成了园蛛科最基部的谱系。
