Genetic Diversity and Potential Inoculum Sources of Species Causing Cankers in Bareroot-Propagated Almond Trees in California Nurseries.

Previous research determined that and . are important causal agents of a canker disease in bareroot-propagated fruit and nut trees in California that emerges during cold storage or after transplanting. The disease largely disappeared after 2001, but it reemerged in 2011 in almond trees in at least one nursery. This motivated further study of the etiology and epidemiology of the disease by undertaking studies to determine distribution of the pathogens throughout almond nursery propagation systems and trace possible sources of inoculum. Research initiated in 2013 detected pathogenic spp. throughout the almond propagation system, including in healthy trees, in soils, on wheat rotation crops, on equipment, and in the cold-storage facility air. In addition to the two spp. implicated previously, . and a new species, . , were found to be pathogenic on almond trees. Multilocus sequence typing and somatic compatibility testing confirmed that isolates within a species collected from different materials in the nursery were all highly genetically similar and likely of one clonal lineage. These findings affirm that equipment surfaces, wheat rotation crops, soil, cold-storage facility air, and asymptomatic almond tree materials (i.e., rootstock cuttings, budwood, and scions) can potentially contribute inoculum to increase disease prevalence and severity.