Parkes Alison, Chambers Stephanie, Buston Katie
MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow and School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow.
J Marriage Fam. 2021 Apr;83(2):358-374. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12752. Epub 2021 Jan 25.
This study investigates how different patterns of nonresident father support for children and mothers in the early years predict middle childhood adjustment, and whether grandparent support has compensating effects.
Nonresident fathers' involvement in children's lives benefits socio-emotional adjustment, but it is unclear whether support directed at children is compromised by interparental tensions, or whether other factors may compensate for weaker patterns of father support.
Latent class analyses identified patterns of nonresident father support for single mothers and their 34-month-old child (None 35%, Low 16%, Moderate 21%, High 28%) and grandparent support (Low 15%, Moderate Maternal 33%, High Maternal 43%, High Maternal and Paternal 9%), using a sample of 648 families from the Growing Up in Scotland cohort. Effects of father support on children's internalizing and externalizing problems from age 46 to 122 months were explored ( = 352), together with moderating effects of grandparent support.
Low, Moderate and No father support had similar estimated effects on higher externalizing and internalizing problem levels, and steeper increases in internalizing problems. Compared to Low grandparent support, High Maternal and Paternal grandparent support reduced effects of weaker father support on both types of problem; and was more protective than High Maternal grandparent support against internalizing problems.
Weaker patterns of nonresident father support in early childhood, characterized by low involvement and interparental tensions or by no contact, were associated with poorer middle childhood adjustment. Support from both sets of grandparents offered children most protection against the effects of weaker father support.
本研究调查了早年非亲生父亲对孩子和母亲的不同支持模式如何预测童年中期的适应情况，以及祖父母的支持是否具有补偿作用。
非亲生父亲参与孩子的生活会促进其社会情感适应，但尚不清楚针对孩子的支持是否会因父母间的紧张关系而受到影响，或者其他因素是否可以弥补较弱的父亲支持模式。
采用来自苏格兰成长队列的648个家庭样本，通过潜在类别分析确定非亲生父亲对单身母亲及其34个月大孩子的支持模式（无支持35%，低支持16%，中等支持21%，高支持28%）以及祖父母的支持模式（低支持15%，中等母亲支持33%，高母亲支持43%，高母亲和父亲支持9%）。探讨了父亲支持对孩子在46至122个月大时内化和外化问题的影响（n = 352），以及祖父母支持的调节作用。
低、中等和无父亲支持对较高的外化和内化问题水平具有相似的估计影响，且内化问题的增加更为明显。与低祖父母支持相比，高母亲和父亲祖父母支持减少了较弱父亲支持对两种问题的影响；并且在预防内化问题方面比高母亲祖父母支持更具保护作用。
童年早期非亲生父亲支持模式较弱，表现为参与度低、父母间关系紧张或无接触，与童年中期较差的适应情况相关。两组祖父母的支持为孩子提供了最大程度的保护，使其免受较弱父亲支持的影响。
