Isolation and Identification of Pentalenolactone Analogs from sp. NRRL S-4.

Terpene synthases are widely distributed in Actinobacteria. Genome sequencing of sp. NRRL S-4 uncovered a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) that putatively synthesizes pentalenolactone type terpenes. Guided by genomic information, the S-4 strain was chemically investigated, resulting in the isolation of two new sesquiterpenoids, 1-deoxy-8-hydroxypentalenic acid () and 1-deoxy-9-hydroxy-11-oxopentalenic acid (), as shunt metabolites of the pentalenolactone () biosynthesis pathway. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by analyses of HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data as well as time-dependent density functional theory/electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT/ECD) calculations. Compounds and exhibited moderate antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results confirmed that the pentalenolactone pathway was functional in this organism and will facilitate efforts for exploring Actinobacteria using further genome mining strategies.