College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2022 Jan;178:226-242. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.009. Epub 2021 Dec 7.
The prevalence of obesity is a worldwide phenomenon in all age groups and is associated with aging-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, as well metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The use of dietary restriction (DR) while avoiding malnutrition has many profound beneficial effects on aging and metabolic health, and dietary protein or specific amino acid (AA) restrictions, rather than overall calorie intake, are considered to play key roles in the effects of DR on host health. Whereas comprehensive reviews of the underlying mechanisms are limited, protein restriction and methionine (Met) restriction improve metabolic health and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and may be associated with FGF21, mTOR and autophagy, improved mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are inversely correlated with metabolic health, and BCAAs and leucine (Leu) restriction promote metabolic homeostasis in rodents. Although tryptophan (Trp) restriction extends the lifespan of rodents, the Trp-restricted diet is reported to increase inflammation in aged mice, while severe Trp restriction has side effects such as anorexia. Furthermore, inadequate protein intake in the elderly increases the risk of muscle-centric health. Therefore, the restriction of specific AAs may be an effective and executable dietary manipulation for metabolic and aging-related health in humans, which warrants further investigation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
肥胖的流行是一个全球性的现象，在所有年龄段都存在，并且与与年龄相关的疾病有关，如 2 型糖尿病以及代谢和心血管疾病。限制饮食（DR）而避免营养不良对衰老和代谢健康有许多深远的有益影响，并且饮食中的蛋白质或特定氨基酸（AA）限制，而不是总卡路里摄入，被认为在 DR 对宿主健康的影响中起关键作用。虽然对潜在机制的综合综述有限，但蛋白质限制和蛋氨酸（Met）限制可改善代谢健康和与衰老相关的神经退行性疾病，并且可能与 FGF21、mTOR 和自噬、改善线粒体功能和氧化应激有关。循环支链氨基酸（BCAAs）与代谢健康呈负相关，BCAAs 和亮氨酸（Leu）限制可促进啮齿动物的代谢稳态。虽然色氨酸（Trp）限制可延长啮齿动物的寿命，但据报道，Trp 限制饮食会增加老年小鼠的炎症，而严重的 Trp 限制则有厌食等副作用。此外，老年人蛋白质摄入不足会增加以肌肉为中心的健康风险。因此，限制特定的 AA 可能是一种有效且可执行的饮食干预措施，可用于改善人类的代谢和与衰老相关的健康，值得进一步研究以阐明潜在的机制。
