Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100, Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia.
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Omega College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, 501301, India.
Drug Metab Lett. 2021;14(3):177-192. doi: 10.2174/1872312814666211210111820.
Cysteine is one of the major intermediate products of cellular amino-acid metabolism. It is a semi-essential amino acid for protein synthesis. Besides, it is also employed in the regulation of major endogenous anti-oxidant molecule i.e., reduced glutathione (GSH). Further, it is a precursor of multiple sulfur-containing molecules like hydrogen sulfide, lanthionine, taurine, coenzyme A and biotin. It is also one of the key molecules for post-translational modifications of various cellular proteins. In physiological conditions, it is employed in the sulfhydration process and plays a key role in the physiology modification of the inflammatory process in various organs, including the neurological system. The catabolism of cysteine is regulated by cysteine dioxygenase enzyme activity. The dysregulated conditions of cysteine and cysteine-associated hydrogen sulfide metabolism are widely employed in the acceleration of the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, the upregulation of cysteine and hydrogen sulfide synthesis occurs via the reverse trans-sulfuration process. This process helps to manage the worsening of a pathological condition of a cellular system. Moreover, it is also employed in the accumulation of homocysteine contents. Further, both cysteine and homocysteine molecules are widely accepted as biomarkers for various types of diseases. Therefore, the targets involved in the regulation of cysteine have been considered as valid targets to treat various disorders like cardiac disease, ischemic stroke, diabetes, cancer, and renal dysfunction.
半胱氨酸是细胞氨基酸代谢的主要中间产物之一。它是蛋白质合成的半必需氨基酸。此外，它还参与调节主要内源性抗氧化分子，即还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）的调节。此外，它还是多种含硫分子的前体，如硫化氢、硫辛酰胺、牛磺酸、辅酶 A 和生物素。它也是各种细胞蛋白翻译后修饰的关键分子之一。在生理条件下，它用于巯基化过程，并在包括神经系统在内的各种器官的炎症过程的生理修饰中发挥关键作用。半胱氨酸的分解代谢受半胱氨酸双加氧酶酶活性的调节。半胱氨酸和与半胱氨酸相关的硫化氢代谢的失调条件广泛用于加速神经退行性过程。此外，通过反硫代途径增加半胱氨酸和硫化氢的合成。该过程有助于管理细胞系统病理状况的恶化。此外，它还用于积累同型半胱氨酸含量。此外，半胱氨酸和同型半胱氨酸分子都被广泛认为是各种疾病的生物标志物。因此，参与半胱氨酸调节的靶点被认为是治疗心脏病、缺血性中风、糖尿病、癌症和肾功能障碍等各种疾病的有效靶点。
