Pogue Michael G, Mickevich M F
Department of Entomology. NMNH, NHB-169, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, U.S.A.
Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A.
Cladistics. 1990 Dec;6(4):319-361. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00549.x.
Abstract- Currently characters are static concepts whose definition and state delineations seldom undergo any scrutiny. Common systematic practice tends to synthesize character slates by combining or dividing observed conditions, a situation most likely due to current theoretical limitations in phylogenetic inference, which tends to ignore problems of multistate characters. This process we refer to as the "synthetic" method for character definition. Character definitions derived for the genera of North American Cochylini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using "synthetic" character states postulated that the cochylines were not monophyletic. The use of cladogram characters and nearest neighbor matrices in uncovering potential flaws in character state delineation is demonstrated. The "synthetic" set of character definitions proved deficient upon such analysis, principally due to its attempt to force highly variable features into a few states. The set of character definitions produced from this analysis is referred to as "reflective" because it does not ignore observed variation. It produces characters with many states and presents problems of setting up transformation series. Three means lor deriving transformations are applied to produce transformation series for the reflective set of character definitions: the unordered outgroup method, morphocline analysis and Transformation Series Analysis (TSA). All three data sets postulated the Cochylini as monophyletic. The three sets of phylogenies were compared. Consensus trees are ambiguous when analysing changes in hierarchy. In order to summarize these results in a manner which does not destroy the phylogenetic structure, positional subtrees, a new means for summarizing multiple solution cladograms, are introduced. It was found that all three sets of transformations produced very different cladograms which in turn were very different from the tree produced by the original, synthetic definitions. The results of each of these methods were assessed for their internal consistency. TSA gave the least contradictory results.
摘要——目前，性状是静态概念，其定义和状态划分很少受到审视。常见的系统发育实践倾向于通过组合或划分观察到的条件来综合性状状态，这种情况很可能是由于系统发育推断中当前的理论局限性所致，该局限性往往忽略多状态性状的问题。我们将这个过程称为性状定义的“综合”方法。使用“综合”性状状态为北美曲卷蛾属（鳞翅目：卷蛾科）推导的性状定义假定曲卷蛾不是单系的。展示了在揭示性状状态划分中的潜在缺陷时使用分支图性状和最近邻矩阵的方法。经此类分析，“综合”性状定义集被证明存在缺陷，主要是因为它试图将高度可变的特征强行归入少数几种状态。从该分析得出的性状定义集被称为“反映性的”，因为它没有忽略观察到的变异。它产生具有多种状态的性状，并存在建立转换系列的问题。应用三种推导转换的方法来为反映性性状定义集生成转换系列：无序外类群法、形态线分析和转换系列分析（TSA）。所有三个数据集都假定曲卷蛾是单系的。对这三组系统发育关系进行了比较。在分析层次结构变化时，合意树并不明确。为了以不破坏系统发育结构的方式总结这些结果，引入了位置子树，这是一种总结多个解决方案分支图的新方法。结果发现，所有三组转换产生的分支图非常不同，而这些分支图又与由原始综合定义产生的树非常不同。对这些方法中的每一种的结果进行了内部一致性评估。TSA产生的矛盾结果最少。
