Smuts M M
Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1977 Dec;44(4):233-47.
The venous drainage of the cervical vertebrae of the ox was studied in 16 animals (Friesland, Jersey and Guernsey cross-breeds), ranging from near full-term foetuses to adults. The extra- and intraosseous veins of the cervical vertebrae are described and illustrated. The nutrient vessels are derived from the vertebral, deep cervical, occipital and internal jugular veins. In addition to the dorsal and ventral external venous plexuses, a lateral external venous plexus is described. The intraosseous veins correspond in the main to the arteries. They are described and illustrated with reference to the available literature. In both young and adult animals anastomoses between epi- and metaphysial vessels are reported. The role of the internal ventral vertebral venous system as a collateral pathway is stressed and comments are made on its possible functional role.
对16只动物（弗里西亚牛、泽西牛和根西牛杂交品种）的颈椎静脉引流进行了研究，这些动物涵盖了从接近足月胎儿到成年的各个阶段。描述并展示了颈椎的骨外静脉和骨内静脉。营养血管源自椎动脉、颈深静脉、枕静脉和颈内静脉。除了背侧和腹侧外部静脉丛外，还描述了一个外侧外部静脉丛。骨内静脉在主要方面与动脉相对应。参考现有文献对其进行了描述和展示。在幼年和成年动物中均报告了骨骺血管与干骺端血管之间的吻合情况。强调了椎体内腹侧静脉系统作为侧支通路的作用，并对其可能的功能作用进行了评论。
