de Queiroz Kevin, Donoghue Michael J
Department of Zoology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A.
Cladistics. 1988 Dec;4(4):317-338. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00518.x.
Abstract- A tension has arisen over the primacy of interbreeding versus monophyly in defining the species category. Manifestations of this tension include unnecessary restriction of the concept of monophyly as well as inappropriate attribution of "species" properties, to "higher taxa", and vice versa. Distinctions between systems (wholes) deriving their existence from different underlying. processes have been obscured by failure to acknowledge different interpretations of the concept of individuality. We identify interbreeding (resulting in populations) and evolutionary descent (resulting in monophyletic groups) as two processes of interest to phylogenetic systematists, and explore the relations between the systems resulting from these processes. In the case of sexual reproduction, populations of interbreeding organisms (regardless of whether they are monophyletic) exist as cohesive wholes and play a special role in phylogenetic systematics, being the least inclusive entities appropriate for use as terminal units in phylogenetic analysis of organismal relationships. Both sexual and asexual organisms form monophyletic groups. Accepting the reality and significance of both interbreeding and monophyly emphasizes that a conscious decision must be made regarding which phenomenon should be used to define the species category. Examination of species concepts that focus either on interbreeding or on common descent leads us to conclude that several alternatives are acceptable from the standpoint of phylogenetic systematics but that no one species concept can meet the needs of all comparative biologists.
摘要——在定义物种范畴时，关于杂交繁殖与单系性何者具有首要地位的问题引发了一场争论。这场争论的表现包括对单系性概念的不必要限制，以及将“物种”属性不适当地赋予“高级分类单元”，反之亦然。由于未能认识到对个体性概念的不同解释，源于不同基础过程的系统（整体）之间的区别变得模糊不清。我们将杂交繁殖（产生种群）和进化谱系（产生单系类群）确定为系统发育分类学家感兴趣的两个过程，并探讨这些过程所产生的系统之间的关系。在有性生殖的情况下，杂交繁殖生物的种群（无论它们是否为单系的）作为有凝聚力的整体存在，并在系统发育分类学中发挥特殊作用，是在对生物关系进行系统发育分析时适合用作终端单元的最不具包容性的实体。有性和无性生物都会形成单系类群。承认杂交繁殖和单系性两者的现实及重要性，强调了必须就是用哪种现象来定义物种范畴做出有意识的决定。对专注于杂交繁殖或共同祖先的物种概念的审视，使我们得出结论：从系统发育分类学的角度来看，有几种选择是可以接受的，但没有一个物种概念能满足所有比较生物学家的需求。
