May Samantha, Locke Simon, Kingsley Michael
La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Dec 7;3:768846. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.768846. eCollection 2021.
Eccentric and concentric actions produce distinct mechanical stimuli and result in different adaptations in skeletal muscle architecture. Cycling predominantly involves concentric activity of the gastrocnemius muscles, while playing basketball requires both concentric and eccentric actions to support running, jumping, and landing. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the architecture of gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) between elite basketballers and cyclists. A trained sonographer obtained three B-mode ultrasound images from GM and GL muscles in 44 athletes (25 basketballers and 19 cyclists; 24 ± 5 years of age). The images were digitized and average fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (θ), and muscle thickness were calculated from three images per muscle. The ratio of FL to tibial length (FL/TL) and muscle thickness to tibial length (MT/TL) was also calculated to account for the potential scaling effect of stature. In males, no significant differences were identified between the athletic groups in all parameters in the GM, but a significant difference existed in muscle thickness in the GL. In basketballers, GL was 2.5 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.7-4.3 mm, = 0.011) on the left side and 2.6 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.6-5.7 mm, = 0.012) on the right side; however, these differences were not significant when stature was accounted for (MT/TL). In females, significant differences existed in the GM for all parameters including FL/TL and MT/TL. Female cyclists had longer FL in both limbs (MD: 11.2 and 11.3 mm), narrower θ (MD: 2.1 and 1.8°), and thicker muscles (MD: 2.1 and 2.5 mm). For the GL, female cyclists had significantly longer FL (MD: 5.2 and 5.8 mm) and narrower θ (MD: 1.7 and 2.3°) in both limbs; no differences were observed in absolute muscle thickness or MT/TL ratio. Differences in gastrocnemius muscle architecture were observed between female cyclists and basketballers, but not between males. These findings suggest that participation in sport-specific training might influence gastrocnemius muscle architecture in elite female athletes; however, it remains unclear as to whether gastrocnemius architecture is systematically influenced by the different modes of muscle activation between these respective sports.
离心和向心运动产生不同的机械刺激，并导致骨骼肌结构产生不同的适应性变化。骑自行车主要涉及腓肠肌的向心活动，而打篮球则需要向心和离心动作来支持跑步、跳跃和着陆。本研究的目的是检查精英篮球运动员和自行车运动员之间内侧腓肠肌（GM）和外侧腓肠肌（GL）结构的差异。一名训练有素的超声检查人员从44名运动员（25名篮球运动员和19名自行车运动员；年龄24±5岁）的GM和GL肌肉中获取了三张B超图像。图像被数字化，并计算每块肌肉三张图像的平均肌束长度（FL）、羽状角（θ）和肌肉厚度。还计算了FL与胫骨长度的比值（FL/TL）以及肌肉厚度与胫骨长度的比值（MT/TL），以考虑身高的潜在缩放效应。在男性中，GM的所有参数在运动组之间未发现显著差异，但GL的肌肉厚度存在显著差异。在篮球运动员中，左侧GL厚2.5毫米（95%CI：0.7 - 4.3毫米，P = 0.011），右侧厚2.6毫米（95%CI：0.6 - 5.7毫米，P = 0.012）；然而，在考虑身高因素（MT/TL）时，这些差异并不显著。在女性中，GM的所有参数包括FL/TL和MT/TL都存在显著差异。女性自行车运动员双下肢的FL更长（MD：11.2和11.3毫米），θ更窄（MD：2.1和1.8°），肌肉更厚（MD：2.1和2.5毫米）。对于GL，女性自行车运动员双下肢的FL显著更长（MD：5.2和5.8毫米），θ更窄（MD：1.7和2.3°）；在绝对肌肉厚度或MT/TL比值方面未观察到差异。在女性自行车运动员和篮球运动员之间观察到了腓肠肌结构的差异，但在男性之间未观察到。这些发现表明，参与特定运动训练可能会影响精英女性运动员的腓肠肌结构；然而，尚不清楚腓肠肌结构是否受到这些各自运动之间不同肌肉激活模式的系统性影响。
