School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A2, Canada.
Environ Res. 2022 Apr 15;206:112587. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112587. Epub 2021 Dec 22.
Some studies suggest that residential surrounding greenness is associated with improved mental health. Few of these studies have focussed on middle-aged and older adults, explored the modifying effects of social determinants of health, or accounted for the extent to which individuals interact with their neighbourhood environments.
We analysed cross-sectional data collected from 26,811 urban participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging who were between 45 and 86 years of age. Participants provided details on socioeconomic characteristics, health behaviours, and their frequency of neighbourhood interactions. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a measure of greenness, was assigned to participants' residential addresses at a buffer distance of 500 m. Four self-reported measures of mental health were considered: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10; short scale), past diagnosis of clinical depression, perceptions of mental health, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Regression models were used to describe associations between greenness and these outcomes, and spline models were fit to characterize the exposure-response function between greenness and CES-D-10 scores. Stratified analyses evaluated whether associations varied by sociodemographic status.
In adjusted models, we observed a 5% (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.90, 0.99) reduced odds of depressive symptoms in relation to an interquartile range increase of NDVI (0.06) within a 500 m buffer of the participant's residence. Similarly, we found an inverse association with a self-reported clinical diagnosis of depression (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.92-1.01). Increases in surrounding greenness were associated with improved perceptions of mental health, and the SWLS. Our spline analyses found that beneficial effects between greenness and the CES-D-10 were strongest among those of lower income.
These findings suggest that residential greenness has mental health benefits, and that interventions to increase urban greenness can help reduce social inequalities in mental health.
一些研究表明，居住环境的绿化与改善心理健康有关。这些研究中很少有专门针对中年和老年人的研究，也没有探讨健康社会决定因素的调节作用，或者没有考虑到个人与邻里环境互动的程度。
我们分析了来自加拿大老龄化纵向研究的 26811 名城市参与者的横断面数据，这些参与者年龄在 45 至 86 岁之间。参与者提供了有关社会经济特征、健康行为以及他们与邻里环境互动频率的详细信息。归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）是一种衡量绿化程度的指标，被分配给参与者居住地址的 500 米缓冲区。考虑了四种自我报告的心理健康衡量标准：流行病学研究中心抑郁量表（CES-D-10；短量表）、过去临床抑郁症诊断、心理健康感知和生活满意度量表（SWLS）。回归模型用于描述绿化与这些结果之间的关联，样条模型用于描述绿化与 CES-D-10 分数之间的暴露-反应关系。分层分析评估了关联是否因社会人口地位而异。
在调整后的模型中，我们观察到，与 NDVI（0.06）的四分位距增加相关，参与者居住地 500 米缓冲区范围内的抑郁症状发生几率降低了 5%（优势比（OR）=0.95；95%置信区间（CI）=0.90，0.99）。同样，我们发现与自我报告的临床抑郁症诊断呈负相关（OR=0.97；95%CI=0.92-1.01）。周围绿化的增加与心理健康感知和 SWLS 的提高有关。我们的样条分析发现，绿化与 CES-D-10 之间的有益影响在收入较低的人群中最强。
这些发现表明，居住绿化对心理健康有益，增加城市绿化可以帮助减少心理健康方面的社会不平等。
