Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Curr Med Chem. 2022;29(22):3945-3972. doi: 10.2174/0929867328666211213111812.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term, degenerative, and neurological disease in which a person loses control of certain body functions. The formulation of novel effective therapeutics for PD as a neurodegenerative disease requires accurate and efficient diagnosis at the early stages.
Analyzing data gathered by measurable signals converted from biological reactions allows for qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Among various approaches reported so far, biosensors are powerful analytical tools that have been used in detecting the biomarkers of PD.
Biosensor's biological recognition components include antibodies, receptors, microorganisms, nucleic acids, enzymes, cells and tissues, and biomimetic structures. This review introduces electrochemical, optical, and optochemical detection of PD biomarkers based on recent advances in nanotechnology and material science, which resulted in the development of high-performance biosensors in this field.
PD biomarkers such as α-synuclein protein, dopamine (DA), urate, ascorbic acid, miRNAs, and their biological roles are summarized. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the usual standard methods are reviewed. We compared electrochemical, optical, and optochemical biosensors' properties and novel strategies for higher sensitivity and selectivity.
The development of novel biosensors is required for the early diagnosis of PD as sensitive, rapid, reliable, and cost-effective systems.
帕金森病（PD）是一种长期的、退行性的、神经退行性疾病，患者会失去对某些身体功能的控制。为了治疗这种神经退行性疾病，需要在早期阶段进行准确、高效的诊断，因此需要开发新的有效疗法。
分析通过生物反应转化而来的可测量信号所采集到的数据，可以进行定性和定量评估。在迄今为止报道的各种方法中，生物传感器是一种强大的分析工具，已被用于检测 PD 的生物标志物。
生物传感器的生物识别组件包括抗体、受体、微生物、核酸、酶、细胞和组织以及仿生结构。本综述介绍了基于纳米技术和材料科学的最新进展，对 PD 生物标志物的电化学、光学和光化学检测，这些进展促成了该领域高性能生物传感器的发展。
总结了α-突触核蛋白、多巴胺（DA）、尿酸、抗坏血酸、miRNA 等 PD 生物标志物及其生物学作用，并回顾了常用标准方法的优缺点。我们比较了电化学、光学和光化学生物传感器的特性，以及用于提高灵敏度和选择性的新策略。
需要开发新型生物传感器，以实现 PD 的早期诊断，作为一种敏感、快速、可靠且具有成本效益的系统。
