Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
Faculty of Environmental Science, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, 72710, Vietnam.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2022 Jan 26;24(1):140-151. doi: 10.1039/d1em00320h.
This study identifies the emission source areas for the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in Ulsan, South Korea. To achieve this, in addition to a conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), two hybrid receptor models - the three-dimensional potential source contribution function (3D-PSCF) model and the 3D concentration weighted function (3D-CWT) model - were used, both of which adopt trajectory segments within the mixing layer. Notably, the fraction-weighted trajectory (FWT), a combination of PAH gas/particle partitioning with a hybrid receptor model, was introduced for the first time in this study to support the identification of emission source areas using other approaches (, 3D-PSCF, 3D-CWT, and CBPF). Consequently, it was found that gaseous PAHs in Ulsan mostly originated from local emission sources (, transportation and industrial emissions) throughout the year, whereas particulate PAHs were likely to originate from emission sources in China (, Shandong, Hebei, and Liaoning) during spring and winter long-range transport. However, in summer and fall, the influence of local emissions on particulate PAHs appeared to be stronger. The FWT was able to distinguish between local and distant sources more effectively, especially in summer and fall, , the periods when local sources increased their contribution. This study thus increases the understanding of the long-range transport of PAHs in Northeast Asia, and the novel FWT approach exhibits the potential to be employed in the source area identification of various semi-volatile organic chemicals.
本研究确定了在韩国蔚山检测到的大气多环芳烃（PAHs）的排放源区。为此，除了条件二元概率函数（CBPF）外，还使用了两种混合受体模型 - 三维潜在源贡献函数（3D-PSCF）模型和 3D 浓度加权函数（3D-CWT）模型，这两种模型都采用了混合层内的轨迹段。值得注意的是，本研究首次引入了分数加权轨迹（FWT），将 PAH 气/粒分配与混合受体模型相结合，以支持使用其他方法（3D-PSCF、3D-CWT 和 CBPF）识别排放源区。结果表明，蔚山的气态 PAHs 主要来源于全年的本地排放源（交通和工业排放），而颗粒态 PAHs 可能来源于中国的排放源（山东、河北和辽宁）在春季和冬季的长程传输。然而，在夏季和秋季，本地排放对颗粒态 PAHs 的影响似乎更强。FWT 能够更有效地区分本地和远程源，特别是在夏季和秋季，当本地源增加其贡献时。本研究增加了对东亚地区 PAHs 长程传输的理解，并且新颖的 FWT 方法有可能用于各种半挥发性有机化合物的源区识别。
