Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine/Critical Care Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Nurse Practitioner, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Pain Manag Nurs. 2022 Aug;23(4):548-558. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2021.11.012. Epub 2022 Jan 2.
There is very limited clinical and observational data on acute pain experienced by children in sub-Saharan Africa.
To report the prevalence and intensity of acute pain, pain management practices, and describe associations between acute pain outcomes, children's and parents or guardian's demographics in hospitalized children aged 2 months to 13 years in Botswana.
A descriptive correlational prospective observational study using five repeated cross-sectional samples.
Two referral hospitals in Botswana.
The sample size included 308 children and 226 parents or guardians. Data were collected between November 2018 and February 2019 from children, their parents or guardians (<7 years child), and the health record for pain documentation and treatment.
Pain was measured using Faces Pain Scale-Revised for children ≥7 years, revised Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale for children <7 years and numeric rating scale for parents or guardians.
There are 1,290 data points for children of which 1,000 were children <7 years and 999 data points for parents or guardians of children <7 years were used in analysis. Fifty percent of children <7 years were in pain using the revised Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale, whereas parents indicated 46% to be in pain. The pain prevalence for children ≥7 years was estimated at 54%. Pain was documentated at a rate of 54 % on the health records. Acetaminophen was most common analgesic across all age groups. Univariate associations of child <7 years pain intensity was statistically significant (p ≤ .05) for weight, diagnosis, residence, and parent relationship. Parents reported pain intensity was statistically significant (p ≤ .05) for child sex, weight, diagnosis, residence, surgery, parent or guardian age and education. Only age and surgery were significant for children ≥7 years.
Acute pain prevalence and intensity among hospitalized children in Botswana is low.
关于撒哈拉以南非洲儿童急性疼痛的临床和观察数据非常有限。
报告博茨瓦纳住院儿童（2 个月至 13 岁）急性疼痛的发生率和强度、疼痛管理实践，并描述急性疼痛结局与儿童及其父母或监护人人口统计学特征之间的关系。
采用五次重复横断面样本的描述性相关性前瞻性观察研究。
博茨瓦纳的两家转诊医院。
样本量包括 308 名儿童和 226 名父母或监护人。数据收集于 2018 年 11 月至 2019 年 2 月期间，从儿童、其父母或监护人（<7 岁儿童）和疼痛记录和治疗的健康记录中收集。
使用儿童≥7 岁时的修订面部疼痛量表修订版、儿童<7 岁时的修订面部、腿部、活动、哭泣、安慰性量表和父母或监护人的数字评分量表来测量疼痛。
共有 1290 个儿童的数据点，其中 1000 个为<7 岁的儿童，999 个为<7 岁儿童父母或监护人的数据点用于分析。使用修订后的面部、腿部、活动、哭泣、安慰性量表，50%的<7 岁儿童有疼痛，而父母表示 46%的儿童有疼痛。≥7 岁儿童的疼痛发生率估计为 54%。健康记录上记录疼痛的比例为 54%。在所有年龄组中，醋氨酚都是最常用的镇痛药。<7 岁儿童疼痛强度的单变量关联具有统计学意义（p≤0.05），与体重、诊断、居住地和父母关系有关。父母报告的疼痛强度与儿童性别、体重、诊断、居住地、手术、父母或监护人年龄和教育程度具有统计学意义（p≤0.05）。只有年龄和手术对≥7 岁的儿童有意义。
博茨瓦纳住院儿童的急性疼痛发生率和强度较低。
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