Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2022 Apr;65:100974. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100974. Epub 2022 Jan 5.
Estradiol and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) help coordinate reproduction with body physiology, growth and metabolism. PVN integrates hormonal and neural signals originating in the periphery, generating an output mediated both by its long-distance neuronal projections, and by a variety of neurohormones produced by its magnocellular and parvocellular neurosecretory cells. Here we review the cyto-and chemo-architecture, the connectivity and function of PVN and the sex-specific regulation exerted by estradiol on PVN neurons and on the expression of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides and neurohormones in PVN. Classical and non-classical estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in neuronal afferents to PVN and in specific PVN interneurons, projecting neurons, neurosecretory neurons and glial cells that are involved in the input-output integration and coordination of neurohormonal signals. Indeed, PVN ERs are known to modulate body homeostatic processes such as autonomic functions, stress response, reproduction, and metabolic control. Finally, the functional implications of the estrogenic modulation of the PVN for body homeostasis are discussed.
雌二醇和下丘脑室旁核（PVN）有助于协调生殖与身体生理、生长和代谢。PVN 整合起源于外周的激素和神经信号，通过其长程神经元投射和由其大细胞和小细胞神经分泌细胞产生的各种神经激素来产生输出。在这里，我们回顾了 PVN 的细胞和化学结构、连接性以及雌二醇对 PVN 神经元和 PVN 中神经递质、神经调质、神经肽和神经激素表达的性别特异性调节。经典和非经典雌激素受体（ER）在 PVN 的神经元传入和特定的 PVN 中间神经元、投射神经元、神经分泌神经元和胶质细胞中表达，这些神经元参与神经激素信号的输入-输出整合和协调。事实上，已知 PVN ER 调节身体的稳态过程，如自主功能、应激反应、生殖和代谢控制。最后，讨论了雌二醇对 PVN 的调制对身体稳态的功能意义。
