Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Campus 1771, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523 1771, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital, Colorado 13123 East 16th Avenue, Box B-125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2022 Feb;294:114698. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114698. Epub 2022 Jan 6.
There is often gender bias in access and provision of care. Women fall through the cracks of the healthcare system due to gender-biased norms and poorer socioeconomic status.
This study uses COVID-19 sex-disaggregated data from 133 countries. Using bootstrapping and imputation methods and heteroscedastic linear regression model, it investigates the effect of biological factors and gender norms on reported differences in male and female COVID-19 case and death rates.
Gender norms are significant factors explaining such differences. Countries, where women experience more discrimination in families and have less access to resources, education and finance, report larger differences between male and female rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths.
Women's lower access to healthcare due to social norms, financial and non-financial barriers may affect women's testing for COVID-19 and access to adequate care, and result in underreported female cases and deaths from COVID-19.
在获得医疗保健和提供医疗保健方面往往存在性别偏见。由于性别偏见规范和较差的社会经济地位，女性在医疗保健系统中被忽视。
本研究使用了来自 133 个国家的 COVID-19 按性别分类数据。使用自举和插补方法以及异方差线性回归模型，研究了生物因素和性别规范对报告的男性和女性 COVID-19 病例和死亡率差异的影响。
性别规范是解释这些差异的重要因素。在女性在家庭中受到更多歧视、获得资源、教育和金融机会较少的国家，COVID-19 病例和死亡的男女比例差异较大。
由于社会规范、财务和非财务障碍，女性获得医疗保健的机会减少，这可能会影响女性接受 COVID-19 的检测和获得足够的护理，并导致 COVID-19 女性病例和死亡人数报告不足。
