Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(sup1):72-79. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2021.1992056.
Airway management is a critical component of resuscitation but also carries the potential to disrupt perfusion, oxygenation, and ventilation as a consequence of airway insertion efforts, the use of medications, and the conversion to positive-pressure ventilation. NAEMSP recommends:Airway management should be approached as an organized system of care, incorporating principles of teamwork and operational awareness.EMS clinicians should prevent or correct hypoxemia and hypotension prior to advanced airway insertion attempts.Continuous physiological monitoring must be used during airway management to guide the timing of, limit the duration of, and inform decision making during advanced airway insertion attempts.Initial and ongoing confirmation of advanced airway placement must be performed using waveform capnography. Airway devices must be secured using a reliable method.Perfusion, oxygenation, and ventilation should be optimized before, during, and after advanced airway insertion.To mitigate aspiration after advanced airway insertion, EMS clinicians should consider placing a patient in a semi-upright position.When appropriate, patients undergoing advanced airway placement should receive suitable pharmacologic anxiolysis, amnesia, and analgesia. In select cases, the use of neuromuscular blocking agents may be appropriate.
气道管理是复苏的一个关键组成部分,但由于气道插入、药物使用和转为正压通气的努力,也有可能会中断灌注、氧合和通气。NAEMSP 建议:
气道管理应作为一个有组织的护理系统来进行,结合团队合作和操作意识的原则。
在进行高级气道插入尝试之前,EMS 临床医生应预防或纠正低氧血症和低血压。
在气道管理过程中必须使用连续的生理监测,以指导高级气道插入尝试的时机、限制其持续时间,并为其决策提供信息。
必须使用波形二氧化碳描记法对初始和持续的高级气道放置进行确认。
气道装置必须使用可靠的方法固定。
在高级气道插入之前、期间和之后,应优化灌注、氧合和通气。
为了减轻高级气道插入后的误吸,EMS 临床医生应考虑将患者置于半直立位置。
在适当的情况下,接受高级气道放置的患者应接受适当的药物镇静、遗忘和镇痛。在某些情况下,使用神经肌肉阻滞剂可能是合适的。