Ma Ge, Ma Bianbian, Wang Lijun, Tao Wendong
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 May;29(21):31426-31440. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-18592-6. Epub 2022 Jan 10.
Diet is an important exposure pathway of phthalate esters (PAEs) for humans. A total of 174 food samples covering 11 food groups were collected from Xi'an, a typical valley city in Northwest China, and analyzed to assess the occurrence and exposure risks for PAEs in the food. Twenty-two PAEs were detected. The sum of the 22 PAEs (∑22PAEs) varied between 0.0340 and 56.8 µg/g, with a mean of 3.94 µg/g. The major PAEs were di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP), which were associated mainly with the usage of plasticizers. Bio-availability of the PAEs in the combined gastro-intestinal fluid simulant of digestion was higher than that in the single gastric or intestinal fluid simulant. Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate exhibited the highest bio-availability in each of the three simulants. Bio-availability of the PAEs was negatively correlated with the molecular weight and octanol-water partition coefficient of the PAEs and positively correlated with the solubility and vapor pressure of the PAEs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PAEs based on national and municipal food consumption data was lower than the reference dose (RfD) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the tolerable dairy intake (TDI) of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), except for the EDI of DnBP and DiBP being higher than the TDI of EFSA. Grains and vegetables were the major sources of human dietary exposure to PAEs. The hazardous quotient for human dietary exposure to PAEs was less than the critical value of 1 and the cancer risk of butyl benzyl phthalate and DEHP was in the range of 10-10, suggesting relatively low health risks. The results indicated that human exposure to DnBP, DiBP, DEHP, DiNP, and DiDP in food is considerable and a health concern.
饮食是人类邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的重要暴露途径。从中国西北典型的河谷城市西安采集了涵盖11个食物组的174份食物样本，并进行分析以评估食物中PAEs的存在情况和暴露风险。检测到22种PAEs。这22种PAEs的总和（∑22PAEs）在0.0340至56.8μg/g之间，平均值为3.94μg/g。主要的PAEs是邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（DiNP）和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DiDP），它们主要与增塑剂的使用有关。PAEs在模拟消化的胃肠液混合物中的生物可利用性高于在单一胃液或肠液模拟物中的生物可利用性。邻苯二甲酸二（2-甲氧基乙基）酯在三种模拟物中的生物可利用性均最高。PAEs的生物可利用性与PAEs的分子量和辛醇-水分配系数呈负相关，与PAEs的溶解度和蒸气压呈正相关。根据国家和城市食物消费数据估算的PAEs每日摄入量（EDI）低于美国环境保护局的参考剂量（RfD）和欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）的可耐受每日摄入量（TDI），但DnBP和DiBP的EDI高于EFSA的TDI。谷物和蔬菜是人类膳食中PAEs暴露的主要来源。人类膳食中PAEs暴露的危害商数小于临界值1，邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯和DEHP的致癌风险在10-10范围内，表明健康风险相对较低。结果表明，人类通过食物接触DnBP、DiBP、DEHP、DiNP和DiDP的情况较为可观，值得关注健康问题。
