Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu 603203, India; Nuevo Chakra (OPC) Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Mu Gamma Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Gurugram, Haryana, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Mar 1;810:152200. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152200. Epub 2021 Dec 7.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA) are the most widely used plastic additives in polymeric materials. These EDCs are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Hence selected PAEs and BPA were investigated in twenty-five food types and drinking water (supply and packaged) from the metropolitan city, Delhi, and the peri-urban areas of a non-metropolitan city, Dehradun. Except cabbage and orange, the sum of thirteen PAEs (∑PAEs) and BPA in all the other food types were significantly higher in Delhi over Dehradun (p < 0.01). Highest mean ∑PAEs (665 ng/g) and BPA (73 ng/g) were observed in cottage cheese and potatoes, respectively followed by fish (PAEs - 477 ng/g, BPA - 16 ng/g). Supply water from the west zone of Delhi was found to contain the highest concentration of BPA (309 ng/L) and ∑PAEs (5765 ng/L) with the dominance of diethyl phthalate (DEP). Based on the compositional profile and compound-wise principal component analysis, environmental contamination and food processing were attributed as significant sources of most priority PAEs in food samples. Di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was over 100-fold higher in the bottled water from local brands than composite bottled water samples. Packaging material was identified as a source for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in packaged food. This study observed the highest estimated daily dietary intake (EDI) in the high-fat-containing food products viz., cottage cheese, and fish from north Delhi. High bioaccumulation of BPA can be a possible reason for elevated EDI in vegetables and local fish of Delhi. Unlike Dehradun, EDI for ∑PAEs and BPA was slightly higher for the non-vegetarian adult when compared to the vegetarian adult. DEHP and DnBP exhibited the highest estimated estrogenic potential for bottled water from local brands. Dietary exposure due to six priority PAEs contamination in food stuffs was two to four-fold higher in Delhi than Dehradun for adult man and woman.
环境内分泌干扰物（EDCs），如邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）和双酚 A（BPA），是聚合物材料中使用最广泛的塑料添加剂。这些 EDCs 在环境中无处不在。因此，研究人员在德里大都市和非大都市城市德拉敦的周边地区的 25 种食品类型和饮用水（供应和包装）中选择了 PAEs 和 BPA 进行研究。除了白菜和橙子，德里所有其他食品类型中的十三种 PAEs（∑PAEs）和 BPA 的总和均明显高于德拉敦（p<0.01）。奶酪和土豆中的最高平均∑PAEs（665ng/g）和 BPA（73ng/g），其次是鱼（PAEs-477ng/g，BPA-16ng/g）。德里西部供应水中发现 BPA（309ng/L）和∑PAEs（5765ng/L）浓度最高，其中二乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（DEP）占主导地位。根据成分谱和化合物主成分分析，环境污染物和食品加工被认为是食品样品中大多数优先 PAEs 的重要来源。与复合瓶装水样品相比，当地品牌的瓶装水中的二乙基己基邻苯二甲酸酯（DEHP）含量高出 100 倍以上。包装材料被确定为包装食品中二丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（DnBP）的来源。本研究观察到来自德里北部高脂肪含量食品产品（如奶酪和鱼）的最高估计每日膳食摄入量（EDI）。蔬菜和德里当地鱼类中 BPA 的高生物累积可能是 EDI 升高的原因。与德拉敦不同，与素食者相比，非素食者成年人的∑PAEs 和 BPA 的 EDI 略高。与复合瓶装水样品相比，当地品牌瓶装水中的 DEHP 和 DnBP 对人体雌激素潜力最高。由于食品中六种优先 PAEs 污染，德里的成年人男性和女性的饮食暴露量比德拉敦高两到四倍。
