School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 830 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Division of Physical Education, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 4;19(1):556. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010556.
To increase psychological well-being and physical activity (PA) behaviors, our pilot study used the social ecological model as the framework to design the 4Active intervention, focusing on multicomponent exercise group lessons at the interpersonal level and self exercise enhanced by activity trackers at the individual level. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of the two-level 4Active intervention in improving psychological well-being and PA participation in older adults living in retirement communities.
Participants were 27 older adults with a mean age of 85.9 ± 9.3 years. Based on the two-arm, quasi-experimental study design, fourteen older adults (2 men, 12 women) living in one retirement community (RC) were assigned into the intervention group receiving the two-level 4Active intervention, whereas 13 older adults (1 man, 12 women) living in another RC were allocated to the active control group receiving group exercise intervention alone for eight weeks. One week before and after the interventions, the participants were pre-tested and post-tested in psychological well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, subjective happiness, positive affect, and negative affect) and weekly PA minutes (i.e., weekly walking, vigorous, moderate, and total PA minutes). The data were analyzed be means of descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and ANCOVA repeated measures.
The results of ANCOVA repeated measures indicated that both groups maintained their slightly high or very high levels of life satisfaction, happiness, and positive affect over times. However, the two-level 4Active intervention group showed significant decreases in negative affect (F = 4.78, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.23) and significance increases in weekly moderate PA (F = 10.355, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.310) compared with the active control group over time.
It is concluded that engaging in the two-level 4Active intervention including group-based multicomponent exercises and technology-enhanced self-exercises is more effective in decreasing negative affect and increasing weekly moderate PA METS-min in physically and cognitively frail older adults over time, compared with attending the group exercises alone.
为了提高心理健康和身体活动（PA）行为，我们的试点研究使用社会生态学模型作为框架来设计 4Active 干预措施，重点关注人际层面的多成分运动小组课程和个体层面通过活动追踪器增强的自我锻炼。本试点研究的目的是检验两级 4Active 干预措施在改善退休社区老年人心理健康和 PA 参与度方面的有效性。
参与者为 27 名平均年龄为 85.9 ± 9.3 岁的老年人。基于双臂、准实验研究设计，14 名居住在一个退休社区（RC）的老年人（2 名男性，12 名女性）被分配到干预组，接受两级 4Active 干预措施，而 13 名居住在另一个 RC 的老年人（1 名男性，12 名女性）被分配到接受单独小组运动干预的对照组，为期八周。在干预前后一周，参与者接受了心理健康（即生活满意度、主观幸福感、积极情绪和消极情绪）和每周 PA 分钟（即每周步行、剧烈、适度和总 PA 分钟）的预测试和后测试。数据分析采用描述性统计、独立样本 t 检验和 ANCOVA 重复测量。
ANCOVA 重复测量的结果表明，两组随着时间的推移都保持了较高或非常高的生活满意度、幸福感和积极情绪水平。然而，与对照组相比，两级 4Active 干预组在消极情绪方面（F = 4.78，p = 0.04，η2 = 0.23）和每周适度 PA 方面（F = 10.355，p = 0.004，η2 = 0.310）有显著下降。
与单独参加小组运动相比，参与包括基于小组的多成分运动和技术增强的自我运动在内的两级 4Active 干预措施，在身体和认知脆弱的老年人中，随着时间的推移，在降低消极情绪和增加每周适度 PA METS-min 方面更为有效。
