Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
Nanotechnology. 2022 Feb 10;33(18). doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac49be.
In the treatment of neurodegenerative, sensory and cardiovascular diseases, electrical probes and arrays have shown quite a promising success rate. However, despite the outstanding clinical outcomes, their operation is significantly hindered by non-selective control of electric fields. A promising alternative is micromagnetic stimulation (MS) due to the high permeability of magnetic field through biological tissues. The induced electric field from the time-varying magnetic field generated by magnetic neurostimulators is used to remotely stimulate neighboring neurons. Due to the spatial asymmetry of the induced electric field, high spatial selectivity of neurostimulation has been realized. Herein, some popular choices of magnetic neurostimulators such as microcoils (coils) and spintronic nanodevices are reviewed. The neurostimulator features such as power consumption and resolution (aiming at cellular level) are discussed. In addition, the chronic stability and biocompatibility of these implantable neurostimulator are commented in favor of further translation to clinical settings. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as another invaluable neurostimulation material, has emerged in recent years. Thus, in this review we have also included MNPs as a remote neurostimulation solution that overcomes physical limitations of invasive implants. Overall, this review provides peers with the recent development of ultra-low power, cellular-level, spatially selective magnetic neurostimulators of dimensions within micro- to nano-range for treating chronic neurological disorders. At the end of this review, some potential applications of next generation neuro-devices have also been discussed.
在治疗神经退行性、感觉和心血管疾病方面，电探针和阵列已经显示出相当高的成功率。然而，尽管临床效果显著，但由于电场的非选择性控制，它们的应用受到了严重阻碍。一种很有前途的替代方法是磁刺激（MS），因为磁场在生物组织中的高透性。磁神经刺激器产生的时变磁场会产生感应电场，从而远程刺激邻近的神经元。由于感应电场的空间不对称性，实现了神经刺激的高空间选择性。本文综述了一些流行的磁神经刺激器选择，如微线圈（线圈）和自旋电子纳米器件。讨论了神经刺激器的特点，如功耗和分辨率（针对细胞水平）。此外，还对这些可植入神经刺激器的慢性稳定性和生物相容性进行了评论，以有利于进一步转化为临床应用。此外，磁性纳米颗粒（MNPs）作为另一种非常有价值的神经刺激材料，近年来也崭露头角。因此，在本综述中，我们还将 MNPs 作为一种远程神经刺激解决方案，克服了侵入性植入物的物理限制。总的来说，这篇综述为同行提供了最近在亚微米到纳米范围内的超低功耗、细胞级、空间选择性磁神经刺激器的发展情况，用于治疗慢性神经疾病。在这篇综述的最后，还讨论了下一代神经设备的一些潜在应用。
