PK Sinha Centre for Bioenergy & Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
J Basic Microbiol. 2022 Mar;62(3-4):260-278. doi: 10.1002/jobm.202100372. Epub 2022 Jan 10.
Cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic contaminants, such as heavy metals and radionuclides, have become an alarming environmental concern globally, especially for developed and developing nations. Moreover, inefficient prevalent wastewater treatment technologies combined with increased industrial activity and modernization has led to increase in the concentration of toxic metals and radioactive components in the natural water bodies. However, for the improvement of ecosystem of rivers, lakes, and other water sources different physicochemical methods such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, activated carbon adsorption, electrocoagulation, and other electrochemical treatment are employed, which are uneconomical and insufficient for the complete abatement of these emerging pollutants. Therefore, the application of bioremediation employing aquatic macrophytes and microphytes have gained considerable importance owing to the benefits of cost-effectiveness, eco-friendly, and higher energy efficiency. Thus, the present review aims to enlighten the readers on the potential application of algae, cyanobacteria, plant, and other aquatic micro- and macrophytes for the elimination of carcinogenic metals and radioactive isotopes from wastewater. Additionally, the use of transgenic plants, genetically modified species, algal-bacterial symbiosis for the enhancement of removal efficiency of mutagenic contaminants are also highlighted. Furthermore, species selection based on robustness, mechanism of different pathways for heavy metal and radionuclide detoxification are elucidated in this review article.
细胞毒性、致突变性和致癌性污染物，如重金属和放射性核素，已成为全球令人震惊的环境问题，特别是对发达国家和发展中国家而言。此外，低效的流行废水处理技术加上工业活动和现代化的增加，导致有毒金属和放射性成分在天然水体中的浓度增加。然而，为了改善河流、湖泊和其他水源的生态系统，采用了不同的物理化学方法，如膜过滤、反渗透、活性炭吸附、电化学凝聚和其他电化学处理方法，这些方法不经济，不足以完全消除这些新兴污染物。因此，利用水生植物和微生物进行生物修复的应用已经变得非常重要，因为它具有成本效益高、环保和更高能源效率的优点。因此，本综述旨在让读者了解藻类、蓝藻、植物和其他水生微生物和大型植物在消除废水中致癌金属和放射性同位素方面的潜在应用。此外，还强调了利用转基因植物、基因修饰物种、藻类-细菌共生体来提高致突变污染物去除效率的方法。此外，本文还根据稳健性、重金属和放射性核素解毒的不同途径的机制，对物种选择进行了阐述。
