认知老化的世俗改善：教育、健康和常规活动的贡献。
Secular Improvements in Cognitive Aging: Contribution of Education, Health, and Routine Activities.
机构信息
Medical Sociology Unit, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Aging, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
出版信息
J Aging Health. 2022 Oct;34(6-8):807-817. doi: 10.1177/08982643211065571. Epub 2022 Jan 12.
OBJECTIVES
Limited evidence exists regarding the reasons for secular changes in cognitive functioning over historical time. Thus, we examined potential explanatory factors for changes in cognitive speed, a central dimension of cognitive functioning.
METHODS
Population-based data of middle-aged and older adults from Germany ( = 5443) was used with baseline participants from 2002 to 2014, comparing the time periods 2002-2014.
RESULTS
Cognitive speed improved in middle-aged adults (40-65) and older adults (66+). In both age groups, increases were partly explained by education, employment status, volunteering status, routine activities, and physical functioning. Changes in education were more important in explaining increases in older than in middle-aged adults, whereas changes in health were more important for explaining increases in middle-aged adults.
CONCLUSIONS
Cognitive speed increased in both age groups over historical time. Education, employment, volunteering, routine activities, and health were all important in explaining these changes, but their importance differed between age groups.
目的
关于认知功能随时间推移而发生的长期变化的原因，目前的证据有限。因此，我们研究了认知速度变化的潜在解释因素，认知速度是认知功能的一个重要维度。
方法
我们使用了来自德国的中年和老年人的基于人群的数据（n=5443），参与者的基线数据来自 2002 年至 2014 年，比较了 2002-2014 年这两个时间段。
结果
中年（40-65 岁）和老年（66 岁及以上）成年人的认知速度都有所提高。在这两个年龄组中，受教育程度、就业状况、志愿服务状况、日常活动和身体功能等因素部分解释了认知速度的提高。在解释老年人认知速度提高时，教育程度的变化比中年人更重要，而健康状况的变化对中年人认知速度提高的解释更为重要。
结论
在历史时期，两个年龄组的认知速度都有所提高。教育、就业、志愿服务、日常活动和健康对解释这些变化都很重要，但它们在不同年龄组中的重要性不同。
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