Department of Neurology, Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.
Department of Neurology, Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Research Division, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2022;184:397-414. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819410-2.00021-7.
The language system is perhaps the most unique feature of the human brain's cognitive architecture. It has long been a quest of cognitive neuroscience to understand the neural components that contribute to the hierarchical pattern processing and advanced rule learning required for language. The most important goal of this research is to understand how language becomes impaired when these neural components malfunction or are lost to stroke, and ultimately how we might recover language abilities under these circumstances. Additionally, understanding how the language system develops and how it can reorganize in the face of brain injury or dysfunction could help us to understand brain plasticity in cognitive networks more broadly. In this chapter we will discuss the earliest features of language organization in infants, and how deviations in typical development can-but in some cases, do not-lead to disordered language. We will then survey findings from adult stroke and aphasia research on the potential for recovering language processing in both the remaining left hemisphere tissue and in the non-dominant right hemisphere. Altogether, we hope to present a clear picture of what is known about the capacity for plastic change in the neurobiology of the human language system.
语言系统也许是人类大脑认知架构中最独特的特征。理解有助于语言的层级模式处理和高级规则学习的神经成分，一直是认知神经科学的探索目标。这项研究最重要的目标是了解当这些神经成分出现故障或因中风而丧失时，语言是如何受损的，以及在这些情况下我们如何恢复语言能力。此外，了解语言系统如何发展以及在面对脑损伤或功能障碍时如何重新组织，可能有助于我们更广泛地了解认知网络中的大脑可塑性。在本章中，我们将讨论婴儿语言组织的最早特征，以及典型发育过程中的偏差如何——但在某些情况下，不会——导致语言障碍。然后，我们将调查成人中风和失语症研究中的发现，了解在剩余的左半球组织和非优势的右半球中恢复语言处理的潜力。总的来说，我们希望清晰地呈现出关于人类语言系统神经生物学中可塑性变化能力的已知内容。
