Norambuena Heraldo V, Rivera Reinaldo, Barros Rodrigo, Silva Rodrigo, Peredo Ronny, Hernández Cristián E
Centro Bahía Lomas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Concepción, Chile.
Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
PeerJ. 2021 Dec 24;9:e12669. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12669. eCollection 2021.
Migratory birds are threatened by habitat loss and degradation, illegal killings, ineffective conservation policies, knowledge gaps and climate change. These threats are particularly troubling in the Procellariiformes (Aves), one of the most endangered bird groups. For "storm-petrels", their cryptic breeding behavior, asynchrony between populations, and light pollution pose additional threats that contribute to increased mortality.Markham's Storm-Petrel (), a poorly known migratory species, is a pelagic bird that breeds in dispersed colonies in the Sechura and Atacama Deserts, with asynchronous reproduction between colonies, and is highly affected by artificial lights. Considering its complex conservation scenario and singular breeding, we expected to find narrow habitat distribution conditions, strong geographic genetic structure, and spatially differentiation related to human population activities ( light pollution) and the climate global change. To evaluate these predictions, we analyzed the phylogeography, current and future potential distribution based on mitochondrial gene ND1 and geographic records.The phylogeographic analyses revealed three well-supported clades ( Paracas, Arica, and Salar Grande), and the geographical distribution modeled using an intrinsic conditional model (iCAR) suggests a positive relationship with the mean temperature of the wettest quarter and of the driest quarter, solar radiation, and anthropogenic disturbance. The future predictions under moderate and severe scenarios of global change indicated a drastic distribution area reduction, especially in the southern zone around Tarapacá and Antofagasta in Chile. These suggest a potential loss of unique genetic diversity and the need for conservation actions particularly focused at the edges of the distribution.
候鸟受到栖息地丧失与退化、非法捕杀、无效的保护政策、知识空白以及气候变化的威胁。在最濒危的鸟类群体之一鹱形目（鸟类）中，这些威胁尤其令人担忧。对于“海燕”来说，它们隐秘的繁殖行为、种群间的不同步以及光污染构成了额外的威胁，导致死亡率上升。马克汉姆海燕（）是一种鲜为人知的迁徙物种，是一种海鸟，在塞丘拉沙漠和阿塔卡马沙漠分散的聚居地繁殖，聚居地之间繁殖不同步，且受到人造光的严重影响。考虑到其复杂的保护情况和独特的繁殖方式，我们预计会发现其栖息地分布条件狭窄、地理遗传结构强烈，以及与人类活动（光污染）和全球气候变化相关的空间分化。为了评估这些预测，我们基于线粒体基因ND1和地理记录分析了系统地理学、当前和未来的潜在分布。系统地理学分析揭示了三个得到充分支持的分支（帕拉卡斯、阿里卡和萨拉尔格兰德），使用内在条件模型（iCAR）建模的地理分布表明，其与最湿润季度和最干燥季度的平均温度、太阳辐射以及人为干扰呈正相关。在全球变化的中度和重度情景下的未来预测表明，分布面积将大幅减少，尤其是在智利塔拉帕卡和安托法加斯塔周围的南部地区。这些结果表明可能会丧失独特的遗传多样性，并且需要采取特别针对分布边缘地区的保护行动。
