Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Avda. Pio Jaramillo Alvarado s/n, Loja, 110111 Loja, Ecuador.
Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2022 Mar;182:114117. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114117. Epub 2022 Jan 19.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by almost all cell types in vivo or in vitro. Among them, exosomes are small nanovesicles with a lipid bilayer, proteins and RNAs actively involved in cellular communication, suggesting that they may be used both as biomarkers and for therapeutic purposes in diseases such as cancer. Moreover, the idea of using them as drug delivery vehicle arises as a promising field of study. Here, we reviewed recent findings showing the importance of EVs, with special focus in exosomes as biomarkers including the most relevant proteins found in different cancer types and it is discussed the FDA approved tests which use exosomes in clinical practice. Finally, we present an overview of the different chimeric EVs developed in the last few years, demonstrating that they can be conjugate to nanoparticles, biomolecules, cancer drugs, etc., and can be developed for a specific cancer treatment. Additionally, we summarized the clinical trials where EVs are used in the treatment of several cancer types aiming to improve the prognosis of these deadly diseases.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 几乎可以在体内或体外由所有细胞类型产生。其中，外泌体是具有脂质双层、蛋白质和 RNA 的小纳米囊泡，它们积极参与细胞通讯，这表明它们可能既可以用作生物标志物，也可以用于癌症等疾病的治疗目的。此外，将它们用作药物递送载体的想法是一个很有前途的研究领域。在这里，我们回顾了最近的研究结果，这些结果表明 EVs 的重要性，特别关注外泌体作为生物标志物，包括不同癌症类型中发现的最相关的蛋白质，并讨论了 FDA 批准的在临床实践中使用外泌体的测试。最后，我们概述了过去几年开发的不同嵌合 EVs，证明它们可以与纳米粒子、生物分子、癌症药物等结合，并可针对特定的癌症治疗进行开发。此外，我们总结了 EV 用于治疗几种癌症类型的临床试验，旨在改善这些致命疾病的预后。
