Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2022 Nov;75(11):2043-2063. doi: 10.1177/17470218221080471. Epub 2022 Mar 3.
Social learning represents an important avenue via which evaluations can be formed or changed. Rather than learning slowly through trial and error, we can instead observe how another person (a "model") interacts with stimuli and quickly adjust our own behaviour. We report five studies ( = 912) that focused on one subtype of social learning, observational evaluative conditioning (OEC), and how it is moderated by relational information (i.e., information indicating how a stimulus and a model's reactions are related). Participants observed a model reacting positively to one stimulus and negatively to another, and were either told that these reactions were genuine, faked, or opposite to the model's actual feelings. Stimulus evaluations were then indexed using ratings and a personalised Implicit Association Test (pIAT). When the model's reactions were said to be genuine, OEC effects emerged in the expected direction. When the model's reactions were said to be faked, the magnitude of self-reported, but not pIAT, effects was reduced. Finally, stating that the model's reactions were opposite to his actual feelings eliminated or reversed self-reported effects and eliminated pIAT effects. We consider how these findings relate to previous work as well as mental-process theories.
社会学习代表了一种重要的途径，通过它可以形成或改变评价。我们可以通过观察另一个人（“榜样”）与刺激的互动，而不是通过反复试验来缓慢学习，并迅速调整自己的行为。我们报告了五项研究（ = 912），这些研究集中在社会学习的一种亚型——观察性评价条件作用（OEC）上，以及它如何受到关系信息（即指示刺激和榜样反应之间关系的信息）的调节。参与者观察到一个榜样对一个刺激做出积极反应，对另一个刺激做出消极反应，同时被告知这些反应是真实的、虚假的还是与榜样的实际感受相反。然后使用评分和个性化内隐联想测验（pIAT）来评估刺激。当模型的反应被认为是真实的时，OEC 效应就会按照预期的方向出现。当模型的反应被认为是虚假的时，自我报告的效应（但不是 pIAT 效应）的幅度会降低。最后，表明模型的反应与他的实际感受相反，会消除或反转自我报告的效应，并消除 pIAT 效应。我们考虑了这些发现与先前的工作以及心理过程理论的关系。
