The revolutionary developmental biology of Wilhelm His, Sr.

Swiss-born embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831-1904) was the first scientist to study embryos using paraffin histology, serial sectioning and three-dimensional modelling. With these techniques, His made many important discoveries in vertebrate embryology and developmental neurobiology, earning him two Nobel Prize nominations. He also developed several theories of mechanical and evolutionary developmental biology. His argued that adult form is determined by the differential growth of developmental primordia. Furthermore, he suggested that changes in the growth parameters of those primordia are responsible for generating new phenotypes during evolution. His developed these theories in his book 'Our Bodily Form' (Unsere Körperform). Here, we review His's work with special emphasis on its potential importance to the disciplines of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) and mechanobiology.