Knoll E
J Hist Behav Sci. 1986 Jan;22(1):3-22. doi: 10.1002/1520-6696(198601)22:1<3::aid-jhbs2300220102>3.0.co;2-0.
For Darwinism to succeed as a general theory of the development of life, it had to account for at least the rudiments of all human characteristics. Thus Darwin and his colleague G. J. Romanes had to make "mental evolution" the basis for scientific psychology. F. Max Müller, Oxford's professor of comparative philology, drew on Kant's work, Romantic Naturphilosophie, and his views on the history of language and the relation of language to thought to maintain that language showed a difference not in degree but in kind between man and the lower primates. In his debate with Romanes, he argued that the study of language, not Darwinist natural history, should be the basis for a science of human psychology. However, the two authors had such different definitions of the key terms in their discussion that their differences were not only unresolved but irresolvable.
为使达尔文主义作为生命发展的一般理论取得成功，它必须至少解释所有人类特征的基本要素。因此，达尔文和他的同事G. J. 罗曼斯不得不将“心理进化”作为科学心理学的基础。牛津大学比较语文学教授F. 马克斯·缪勒借鉴了康德的著作、浪漫主义自然哲学，以及他对语言历史和语言与思维关系的观点，坚持认为语言显示出人类与低等灵长类动物之间的差异并非程度上的，而是本质上的。在与罗曼斯的辩论中，他认为应该以语言研究而非达尔文主义的自然史作为人类心理学科学的基础。然而，两位作者对他们讨论中的关键术语有着如此不同的定义，以至于他们的分歧不仅没有得到解决，而且无法解决。
