Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by associated commercial glyphosate and 2,4-D formulations using the bioassay.

Studies assessing the toxicity of glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mixture are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the mixture of these herbicides using . Roots were exposed to glyphosate (1.56 and 11.66 mg mL), 2,4-D (0.28 and 17.5 mg mL) and mixture for 24 h, based on the average concentration applied in the field and the acute reference dose (ARfD) established in Brazil. Both isolated and associated herbicides induced a significative decrease in mitotic index (MI) ( < 0.0001) in all tested concentrations. Regarding the genotoxicity results, 2,4-D and the mixture showed, at concentrations applied in the field, a significative increase of chromosomal anomalies (CA) index compared to control ( < 0.0001) and glyphosate ( = 0.024 and  = 0.0002, respectively). All tested groups from the ARfD showed a significative difference compared to the control group ( < 0.0001), as well as glyphosate and 2,4-D isolated compared to the mixture ( = 0.0005 and  < 0.0001, respectively). The most observed CA were apoptotic bodies, giant cells, and nuclear erosions. We emphasize the need for further studies assessing the toxicity of these herbicides' mixture due to the distinct effects caused in different organisms.