Ali Omer, Ishak Mohamad Khairi, Ooi Chia Ai, Bhatti Muhammad Kamran Liaquat
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia.
Department of Electrical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology (NFC IET), Multan 6000, Pakistan.
R Soc Open Sci. 2022 Feb 2;9(2):210870. doi: 10.1098/rsos.210870. eCollection 2022 Feb.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are commonly used in remote environments for monitoring and sensing. These devices are typically powered by batteries, the performance of which varies depending on environmental (such as temperature and humidity) as well as operational conditions (discharge rate and state-of-charge, SOC). As a result, assessing their technical viability for WSN applications requires performance evaluation based on the aforementioned stimuli. This paper proposes an efficient method for examining battery performance parameters such as capacity, open-circuit voltage (OCV) and SOC. Four battery types (lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, nickel-metal hydride and alkaline) were subjected to IEEE 802.15.4 protocol-based discharge rates to record the discharge characteristics. Furthermore, the combined effect of discharge rates on battery surface temperature and OCV variations was investigated. Shorter relaxation times (4-8 h) were observed in lithium-based batteries, resulting in faster energy recovery while maintaining rated capacity. It was observed that nearly 80% of the voltage region was flat, with minor voltage variations during the discharge cycle. Furthermore, lithium-based batteries experienced negligible changes in surface temperatures (approx. 0.03°C) with respect to discharge rates, making them the best battery choice for low-power applications such as WSNs.
无线传感器网络（WSN）通常用于远程环境中的监测和传感。这些设备通常由电池供电，其性能会因环境条件（如温度和湿度）以及运行条件（放电率和充电状态，即SOC）而有所不同。因此，评估它们在WSN应用中的技术可行性需要基于上述刺激因素进行性能评估。本文提出了一种用于检测电池性能参数（如容量、开路电压（OCV）和SOC）的有效方法。对四种电池类型（锂离子电池、锂聚合物电池、镍氢电池和碱性电池）施加基于IEEE 802.15.4协议的放电率，以记录放电特性。此外，还研究了放电率对电池表面温度和OCV变化的综合影响。在锂基电池中观察到较短的弛豫时间（4 - 8小时），这使得在保持额定容量的同时能量恢复更快。观察到在放电循环期间，近80%的电压区域是平坦的，电压变化较小。此外，锂基电池的表面温度相对于放电率的变化可忽略不计（约0.03°C），这使其成为WSN等低功耗应用的最佳电池选择。
