Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Environ Geochem Health. 2022 Dec;44(12):4499-4521. doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-01197-2. Epub 2022 Feb 7.
The current work is documented as the first record of the characteristics, removal efficiency, partitioning behavior, fate, and eco-toxicological effects of paraben congeners in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP, stabilization ponds) and hospital WWTPs (septic tank and activated sludge), as well as seawater-sediments collected from runoff estuarine stations (RES) and coastal stations (CS) of the north of the Persian Gulf. The median values of Σparabens at the raw wastewater and effluent of the studied WWTPs were 1884 ng/L and 468 ng/L, respectively. The activated sludge system had a greater removal efficiency (56.10%) in removing ∑parabens than the septic tank (45.05%) and stabilization pond (35.54%). The discharge rates of methyl paraben (MeP) was computed to be 2.23, 21.18, and 9.12 g/d/1000 people for stabilization ponds, septic tank, and activated sludge, respectively. Median concentrations of Σparabens in seawater (103.42 ng/L) and sediments (322.05 ng/g dw) from RES stations were significantly larger than from CS stations (61.2 and 262.0 ng/g dw in seawater and sediments, respectively) (P < 0.05). The median of field-based k for Σparabens was 130.81 cm/g in RES stations and 189.51 cm/g in CS stations. It was observed that the concentration of parabens could have negative impacts on some living aquatic populations (invertebrates and bacteria), but the risk was not significant for fishes and algae.
本研究首次记录了防腐剂同系物在城市污水处理厂（稳定塘）和医院污水处理厂（化粪池和活性污泥）中的特征、去除效率、分配行为、归宿和生态毒理学效应，以及从波斯湾北部的径流河口站（RES）和沿海站（CS）采集的海水-沉积物中的含量。在原始废水和研究中 WWTP 的出水处，Σ 类防腐剂的中值分别为 1884 ng/L 和 468 ng/L。与化粪池（45.05%）和稳定塘（35.54%）相比，活性污泥系统对∑ 类防腐剂的去除效率（56.10%）更高。计算出稳定塘、化粪池和活性污泥中甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（MeP）的排放量分别为 2.23、21.18 和 9.12 g/d/1000 人。RES 站海水中（103.42 ng/L）和沉积物中（322.05 ng/g dw）Σ 类防腐剂的中值浓度明显高于 CS 站（海水和沉积物中的浓度分别为 61.2 和 262.0 ng/g dw）（P < 0.05）。RES 站中Σ 类防腐剂的现场 k 值中位数为 130.81 cm/g，CS 站为 189.51 cm/g。观察到防腐剂浓度可能对一些水生生物种群（无脊椎动物和细菌）产生负面影响，但对鱼类和藻类的风险并不显著。
