Nevin Jonpaul, Kouwijzer Ingrid, Stone Ben, Quittmann Oliver J, Hettinga Florence, Abel Thomas, Smith Paul M
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022 Mar 1;17(3):335-342. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0458. Epub 2022 Feb 7.
The aim of this narrative review is to provide insight as to the history, biomechanics, and physiological characteristics of competitive handcycling. Furthermore, based upon the limited evidence available, this paper aims to provide practical training suggestions by which to develop competitive handcycling performance. Handbike configuration, individual physiological characteristics, and training history all play a significant role in determining competitive handcycling performance. Optimal handcycling technique is highly dependent upon handbike configuration. As such, seat positioning, crank height, crank fore-aft position, crank length, and handgrip position must all be individually configured. In regard to physiological determinants, power output at a fixed blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L-1, relative oxygen consumption, peak aerobic power output, relative upper body strength, and maximal anaerobic power output have all been demonstrated to impact upon handcycling performance capabilities. Therefore, it is suggested that that an emphasis be placed upon the development and frequent monitoring of these parameters. Finally, linked to handcycling training, it is suggested that handcyclists should consider adopting a concurrent strength and endurance training approach, based upon a block periodization model that employs a mixture of endurance, threshold, interval, and strength training sessions. Despite our findings, it is clear that several gaps in our scientific knowledge of handcycling remain and that further research is necessary in order to improve our understanding of factors that determine optimal performance of competitive handcyclists. Finally, further longitudinal research is required across all classifications to study the effects of different training programs upon handcycling performance.
本叙述性综述的目的是深入探讨竞技手摇自行车的历史、生物力学和生理特征。此外，基于现有有限的证据，本文旨在提供实用的训练建议，以提高竞技手摇自行车的表现。手摇自行车的配置、个人生理特征和训练经历在决定竞技手摇自行车表现方面都起着重要作用。最佳的手摇自行车技术高度依赖于手摇自行车的配置。因此，座椅位置、曲柄高度、曲柄前后位置、曲柄长度和握把位置都必须进行个性化配置。关于生理决定因素，已证明在固定血乳酸浓度为4 mmol·L-1时的功率输出、相对耗氧量、最大有氧功率输出、相对上身力量和最大无氧功率输出都会对手摇自行车的表现能力产生影响。因此，建议重视这些参数的发展和定期监测。最后，与手摇自行车训练相关，建议手摇自行车运动员应考虑采用基于阶段周期化模型的力量和耐力同步训练方法，该模型采用耐力、阈值、间歇和力量训练课程的组合。尽管有我们的研究结果，但很明显，我们对手摇自行车的科学认识仍存在一些差距，需要进一步研究以增进我们对决定竞技手摇自行车运动员最佳表现因素的理解。最后，需要对所有分类进行进一步的纵向研究，以探讨不同训练计划对手摇自行车表现的影响。
