Wang Lulu, Chen Gongbo, Hou Jian, Wei Dandan, Liu Pengling, Nie Luting, Fan Keliang, Wang Juan, Xu Qingqing, Song Yu, Wang Mian, Huo Wenqian, Jing Tao, Li Wenjie, Guo Yuming, Wang Chongjian, Mao Zhenxing
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
Environ Res. 2022 Jul;210:112845. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112845. Epub 2022 Feb 5.
Long-term exposure to ambient ozone (O) and residential greenness independently relate to altered hormones levels in urban settings and developed countries. However, independent and their joint associations with progestogen and androgen were sparsely studied in rural regions.
A total of 6211 individuals were recruited in this study. Random forest model was applied to predict the daily average concentrations of O using the satellites data. Residential greenness was reflected by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure serum progestogen and androgen concentrations. Gender and menopausal status modified associations of long-term exposure to O and residential greenness with hormones levels were analyzed by generalized linear models.
Long-term exposure to O was negatively related to 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione in both men and women (premenopausal and postmenopausal); the estimated β and 95% CI of ln-progesterone in response to per 10 μg/m increment in O concentration was -0.560 (-0.965, -0.155) in postmenopausal women. Association of long-term exposure to O with serum androgen levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women were alleviated by residing in places with higher greenness. Additionally, a prominent effect of long-term exposure to O related to decreased serum progestogen and androgen levels was found in participants with middle- or high-level of physical activity or lower education level.
The results suggested that long-term exposure to high levels of O related to decreased serum androgen levels was attenuated by living in high greenness places in women regardless of menopause status. Future studies are needed to confirm the positive health effects of residential greenness on the potential detrimental effects due to exposure to O.
在城市环境和发达国家，长期暴露于环境臭氧（O）和居住环境绿化程度分别与激素水平变化有关。然而，在农村地区，它们与孕激素和雄激素的独立及联合关联研究较少。
本研究共招募了6211名个体。应用随机森林模型，利用卫星数据预测O的日平均浓度。居住环境绿化程度用归一化植被指数（NDVI）来反映。采用液相色谱 - 串联质谱法测量血清孕激素和雄激素浓度。通过广义线性模型分析性别和绝经状态对长期暴露于O和居住环境绿化程度与激素水平之间关联的影响。
长期暴露于O与男性和女性（绝经前和绝经后）的17 - 羟孕酮、睾酮和雄烯二酮均呈负相关；绝经后女性中，O浓度每增加10μg/m，ln - 孕酮的估计β值和95%置信区间为 - 0.560（-0.965，-0.155）。居住在绿化程度较高的地方可减轻绝经前和绝经后女性长期暴露于O与血清雄激素水平之间的关联。此外，在身体活动水平中等或较高或教育程度较低的参与者中，发现长期暴露于O与血清孕激素和雄激素水平降低有关的显著影响。
结果表明，无论绝经状态如何，女性长期暴露于高水平O与血清雄激素水平降低之间的关联可通过居住在绿化程度高的地方而减弱。未来需要进一步研究以证实居住环境绿化对因暴露于O可能产生的有害影响的积极健康作用。
