Chen Youzhen, Zhang Manman, Xin Cong, Guo Yunfei, Lin Qin, Ma Zhujun, Hu Jinhui, Huang Weiting, Liao Qianfang
Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
Front Psychol. 2022 Jan 24;12:701281. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701281. eCollection 2021.
Event-based prospective memory (ProM) refers to remembering to execute planned actions in response to a target ProM cues. Encoding modality influences ProM performance; visual encoding has been studied more than auditory encoding. Further, it has not yet been examined whether different encoding may influence ProM performance in different encoding modalities. This study examines the effects of encoding modality (visual vs. auditory), cue-encoding specificity (specific cue vs. non-specific cue), and encoding modes (standard vs. implementation intention) on event-based ProM tasks. In Experiment 1, cue specificity and encoding modality were manipulated as a within-groups encoding of visual cues is more commonly and between-groups variable. Results revealed the facilitative effect of cue specificity on ProM performance. Also, with respect to encoding modality, participants showed better performance when receiving auditory instructions compared with the visual encoding condition. In Experiment 2, as in Experiment 1, cue specificity and encoding modality were manipulated. Encoding mode was added as a new between-group variable. Result revealed that there was a significant interaction between encoding modality and encoding modes. Visual implementation intention encoding was a more effective method for improving ProM performance compared with visual standard encoding. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between cue-encoding specificity and encoding modes. Implementation intention encoding enhances ProM performance in non-specific cue-encoding conditions. Overall, the present study found that (1) auditory encoding modality showed superior ProM performance compared with visual encoding, although implementation intention had facilitative on ProM performance regardless of the encoding modalities, and (2) there was better ProM performance under specific encoding compared with non-specific encoding, and implementation intention had a facilitative effect on ProM performance in the non-specific condition.
基于事件的前瞻记忆（ProM）是指记住根据目标ProM线索执行计划好的行动。编码方式会影响ProM表现；与听觉编码相比，视觉编码的研究更多。此外，不同的编码是否会在不同的编码方式中影响ProM表现尚未得到检验。本研究考察了编码方式（视觉与听觉）、线索编码特异性（特定线索与非特定线索）以及编码模式（标准与实施意图）对基于事件的ProM任务的影响。在实验1中，线索特异性和编码方式作为组内变量进行操纵，视觉线索的编码更为常见，作为组间变量。结果揭示了线索特异性对ProM表现的促进作用。此外，关于编码方式，与视觉编码条件相比，参与者在接受听觉指令时表现更好。在实验2中，与实验1一样，线索特异性和编码方式被操纵。编码模式作为一个新的组间变量被加入。结果显示编码方式和编码模式之间存在显著交互作用。与视觉标准编码相比，视觉实施意图编码是提高ProM表现的更有效方法。此外，线索编码特异性和编码模式之间存在显著交互作用。实施意图编码在非特定线索编码条件下增强了ProM表现。总体而言，本研究发现：（1）与视觉编码相比，听觉编码方式表现出更优的ProM表现，尽管实施意图无论在何种编码方式下都对ProM表现有促进作用；（2）与非特定编码相比，特定编码下的ProM表现更好，且实施意图在非特定条件下对ProM表现有促进作用。
