Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2023;53(7):1561-1590. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2036941. Epub 2022 Feb 14.
This review surveys Infrared, Raman/SERS and Brillouin spectroscopies for medical diagnostics and detection of biomarkers in biofluids, that include urine, blood, saliva and other biofluids. These optical sensing techniques are non-contact, noninvasive and relatively rapid, accurate, label-free and affordable. However, those techniques still have to overcome some challenges to be widely adopted in routine clinical diagnostics. This review summarizes and provides insights on recent advancements in research within the field of vibrational spectroscopy for medical diagnostics and its use in detection of many health conditions such as kidney injury, cancers, cardiovascular and infectious diseases. The six comprehensive tables in the review and four tables in supplementary information summarize a few dozen experimental papers in terms of such analytical parameters as limit of detection, range, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and other figures of merits. Critical comparison between SERS and FTIR methods of analysis reveals that on average the reported sensitivity for biomarkers in biofluids for SERS vs FTIR is about 10 to 10 times higher, since LOD SERS are lower than LOD FTIR by about this factor. High sensitivity gives SERS an edge in detection of many biomarkers present in biofluids at low concentration (nM and sub nM), which can be particularly advantageous for example in early diagnostics of cancer or viral infections.HighlightsRaman, Infrared spectroscopies use low volume of biofluidic samples, little sample preparation, fast time of analysis and relatively inexpensive instrumentation.Applications of SERS may be a bit more complicated than applications of FTIR (e.g., limited shelf life for nanoparticles and substrates, etc.), but this can be generously compensated by much higher (by several order of magnitude) sensitivity in comparison to FTIR.High sensitivity makes SERS a noninvasive analytical method of choice for detection, quantification and diagnostics of many health conditions, metabolites, and drugs, particularly in diagnostics of cancer, including diagnostics of its early stages.FTIR, particularly ATR-FTIR can be a method of choice for efficient sensing of many biomarkers, present in urine, blood and other biofluids at sufficiently high concentrations (mM and even a few µM)Brillouin scattering spectroscopy detecting visco-elastic properties of probed liquid medium, may also find application in clinical analysis of some biofluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid and urine.
这篇综述调查了用于医学诊断和生物流体中生物标志物检测的红外、拉曼/SERS 和布里渊光谱学，这些生物流体包括尿液、血液、唾液和其他生物流体。这些光学传感技术是非接触式、非侵入式的，并且相对快速、准确、无标记且价格合理。然而，这些技术仍然需要克服一些挑战，才能在常规临床诊断中得到广泛应用。
这篇综述总结并提供了关于振动光谱学在医学诊断领域的最新研究进展的见解，以及它在检测许多健康状况（如肾损伤、癌症、心血管和传染病）中的应用。综述中的六个综合表格和补充信息中的四个表格，根据检测限、范围、诊断灵敏度和特异性以及其他优点等分析参数，对几十篇实验论文进行了总结。
SERS 和 FTIR 分析方法的比较表明，平均而言，生物流体中生物标志物的报告灵敏度 SERS 比 FTIR 高 10 到 10 倍，因为 SERS 的检测限比 FTIR 低约这个因子。SERS 的高灵敏度使其在检测生物流体中低浓度（nM 和亚 nM）的许多生物标志物方面具有优势，这在例如癌症或病毒感染的早期诊断中可能特别有利。
拉曼、红外光谱学使用少量生物流体样本，很少的样品制备，快速的分析时间和相对便宜的仪器。
SERS 的应用可能比 FTIR 更复杂（例如，纳米粒子和基底的保质期有限等），但与 FTIR 相比，其灵敏度高几个数量级，可以很好地弥补这一点。
SERS 的高灵敏度使其成为许多健康状况、代谢物和药物检测、定量和诊断的非侵入性分析方法的选择，特别是在癌症的诊断中，包括早期诊断。
FTIR，特别是 ATR-FTIR，可以成为检测尿液、血液和其他生物流体中足够高浓度（mM 甚至几 µM）的许多生物标志物的首选方法。
布里渊散射光谱学检测被探测液体介质的粘弹性特性，也可能在某些生物流体的临床分析中找到应用，例如脑脊液和尿液。
