Selak Ana, Reberski Jasmina Lukač, Klobučar Göran, Grčić Ivana
HGI-CGS Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Sachsova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
HGI-CGS Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Sachsova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jun 15;825:153827. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153827. Epub 2022 Feb 11.
Karst aquifers are globally important source of drinking water and harbor specific ecosystems that are vulnerable to anthropogenic contamination. This paper provides insights into the occurrence and ecotoxicological characterization of 21 emerging contaminants (ECs) detected in the karst catchment of Jadro and Žrnovnica springs (Dinarides, Croatia). Karst springs used for water supply, surface water, and groundwater were sampled during seven campaigns. The ECs concentration levels ranged from 0.3 ng/L (tramadol in Jadro spring) to 372 ng/L (1H-benzotriazole in Cetina River). DEET was the most frequently detected ECs with an average concentration of around 50 ng/L in both surface water and groundwater. To prioritise detected ECs, their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), mobility (M) and toxicity (T) were assessed based on in silico strategy for PBT assessment and recently developed REACH PMT guidelines. PBT scores ranging below the threshold of 0.5, indicated non-PBT compounds of expected low concern. However, only 4 out of 21 detected ECs were not assessed as PMT/vPvM. Concerningly, 20 ECs were categorised as very mobile. Karst springs exhibited larger proportions of ECs meeting PMT/vPvM criteria than surface water. To characterise the contamination extent and estimate the incidence of adverse effects of detected ECs, a preliminary environmental risk assessment (ERA) was conducted. Most ECs posed no environmental risk with RQ values predominantly below 0.01. The total risk quotient RQ accentuated Cetina River as having the highest risk compared to other sampling sites. This is the first study on ECs in Croatian karst, contributing to a growing need to understand the impacts of emerging contaminants in karst aquifers, which are still largely unexplored.
岩溶泉含水层是全球重要的饮用水源，孕育着易受人为污染影响的特定生态系统。本文深入探讨了在亚得罗泉和兹尔诺夫尼察泉（克罗地亚迪纳拉山脉）的岩溶集水区中检测到的21种新兴污染物（ECs）的存在情况及其生态毒理学特征。在七次采样活动中，对用于供水的岩溶泉、地表水和地下水进行了采样。ECs的浓度水平范围为0.3纳克/升（亚得罗泉中的曲马多）至372纳克/升（采蒂纳河中的1H-苯并三唑）。避蚊胺是最常检测到的ECs，在地表水和地下水中的平均浓度约为50纳克/升。为了对检测到的ECs进行优先排序，并基于PBT评估的计算机模拟策略和最近制定的REACH PMT指南，对其持久性（P）、生物累积性（B）、迁移性（M）和毒性（T）进行了评估。PBT分数低于0.5的阈值，表明这些化合物为预期低关注度的非PBT化合物。然而，在检测到的21种ECs中，只有4种未被评估为PMT/vPvM。令人担忧的是，20种ECs被归类为极易迁移。与地表水相比，岩溶泉中符合PMT/vPvM标准的ECs比例更高。为了表征污染程度并估计检测到的ECs的不利影响发生率，进行了初步环境风险评估（ERA）。大多数ECs不存在环境风险，风险商（RQ）值主要低于0.01。总风险商RQ突出表明，与其他采样点相比，采蒂纳河的风险最高。这是克罗地亚岩溶地区关于ECs的第一项研究，有助于满足人们日益增长的对了解岩溶泉含水层中新兴污染物影响的需求，而岩溶泉含水层在很大程度上仍未得到充分探索。
