Lukač Reberski Jasmina, Selak Ana, Lapworth Dan J, Maurice Louise D, Terzić Josip, Civil Wayne, Stroj Andrej
Croatian Geological Survey, Milana Sachsa 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK.
J Hydrol (Amst). 2023 Jun;621:129583. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129583.
Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have become of increasing interest due to concerns about their impact on humans and the wider environment. Karst aquifers are globally widespread, providing critical water supplies and sustaining rivers and ecosystems, and are particularly susceptible to pollution. However, EOC distributions in karst remain quite poorly understood. This study looks at the occurrence of EOCs in the Croatian karst, which is an example of the "classical" karst, a highly developed type of karst that occurs throughout the Dinaric region of Europe. Samples were collected from 17 karst springs and one karst lake used for water supply in Croatia during two sampling campaigns. From a screen of 740 compounds, a total of 65 compounds were detected. EOC compounds from the pharmaceutical (n = 26) and agrochemical groups (n = 26) were the most frequently detected, while industrials and artificial sweeteners had the highest concentrations (range 8-440 ng/L). The number of detected compounds and the frequency of detection demonstrate the vulnerability of karst to EOC pollution. Concentrations of 5 compounds (acesulfame, sucralose, perfluorobutane sulfonate, emamectin B1b, and triphenyl phosphate) exceeded EU standards and occurred at concentrations that are likely to be harmful to ecosystems. Overall, most detections were at low concentrations (50 % <1 ng/L). This may be due to high dilution within the exceptionally large springs of the Classical karst, or due to relatively few pollution sources within the catchments. Nevertheless, EOC fluxes are considerable (10 to 10 ng/s) due to the high discharge of the springs. Temporal differences were observed, but without a clear pattern, reflecting the highly variable nature of karst springs that occurs over both seasonal and short-term timescales. This research is one of a handful of regional EOC investigations in karst groundwater, and the first regional study in the Dinaric karst. It demonstrates the need for more frequent and extensive sampling of EOCs in karst to protect human health and the environment.
由于担心新兴有机污染物（EOCs）对人类和更广泛环境的影响，它们已越来越受到关注。岩溶泉含水层在全球广泛分布，提供关键的水源并维持河流和生态系统，且特别容易受到污染。然而，岩溶地区EOCs的分布情况仍知之甚少。本研究着眼于克罗地亚岩溶地区EOCs的出现情况，克罗地亚岩溶是“经典”岩溶的一个例子，是一种高度发育的岩溶类型，遍布欧洲迪纳拉地区。在两次采样活动期间，从克罗地亚17个岩溶泉和1个用于供水的岩溶湖采集了样本。在对740种化合物的筛选中，共检测到65种化合物。来自制药类（n = 26）和农用化学品类（n = 26）的EOC化合物是最常检测到的，而工业化学品和人工甜味剂的浓度最高（范围为8 - 440 ng/L）。检测到的化合物数量和检测频率表明岩溶地区易受EOC污染。5种化合物（乙酰磺胺酸钾、三氯蔗糖、全氟丁烷磺酸盐、甲氨基阿维菌素B1b和磷酸三苯酯）的浓度超过了欧盟标准，且其浓度可能对生态系统有害。总体而言，大多数检测到的浓度较低（50%<1 ng/L）。这可能是由于经典岩溶地区特大泉内的高稀释作用，或由于集水区内污染源相对较少。尽管如此，由于泉水的高流量，EOC通量相当可观（10至10 ng/s）。观察到了时间差异，但没有明显规律，这反映了岩溶泉在季节性和短期时间尺度上高度变化的特性。本研究是少数关于岩溶地区地下水EOCs的区域调查之一，也是迪纳拉岩溶地区的首次区域研究。它表明需要更频繁和广泛地对岩溶地区的EOCs进行采样，以保护人类健康和环境。
