Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 28;19(3):1473. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031473.
In cold temperatures, vehicles idle more, have high cold-start emissions including greenhouse gases, and have less effective exhaust filtration systems, which can cause up to ten-fold more harmful vehicular emissions. Only a few vehicle technologies have been tested for emissions below -7 °C (20 °F). Four-hundred-million people living in cities with sub-zero temperatures may be impacted. We conducted a scoping review to identify the existing knowledge about air-pollution-related health outcomes in a cold climate, and pinpoint any research gaps. Of 1019 papers identified, 76 were selected for review. The papers described short-term health impacts associated with air pollutants. However, most papers removed the possible direct effect of temperature on pollution and health by adjusting for temperature. Only eight papers formally explored the modifying effect of temperatures. Five studies identified how extreme cold and warm temperatures aggravated mortality/morbidity associated with ozone, particles, and carbon-monoxide. The other three found no health associations with tested pollutants and temperature. Additionally, in most papers, emissions could not be attributed solely to traffic. In conclusion, evidence on the relationship between cold temperatures, traffic-related pollution, and related health outcomes is lacking. Therefore, targeted research is required to guide vehicle regulations, assess extreme weather-related risks in the context of climate change, and inform public health interventions.
在寒冷的温度下，车辆怠速时间更长，冷启动排放包括温室气体在内的排放量更高，并且排气过滤系统的效果较差，这可能导致车辆排放的有害物增加十倍以上。只有少数车辆技术在低于-7°C（20°F）的温度下进行了排放测试。生活在亚零温度城市的 4 亿人可能会受到影响。我们进行了范围界定审查，以确定有关寒冷气候下与空气污染有关的健康结果的现有知识，并确定任何研究差距。在确定的 1019 篇论文中，有 76 篇被选为审查对象。这些论文描述了与空气污染物有关的短期健康影响。但是，大多数论文通过调整温度，消除了温度对污染和健康的直接影响。只有八篇论文正式探讨了温度的调节作用。五项研究确定了极冷和温暖的温度如何加剧与臭氧、颗粒物和一氧化碳有关的死亡率/发病率。另外三项研究发现测试的污染物与温度之间没有健康关联。此外，在大多数论文中，排放不能仅归因于交通。总之，缺乏有关寒冷温度、与交通有关的污染与相关健康结果之间关系的证据。因此，需要进行有针对性的研究，以指导车辆法规，评估气候变化背景下极端天气相关风险，并为公共卫生干预措施提供信息。
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