College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Feb 4;19(3):1779. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031779.
Groundwater quality deterioration has attracted widespread concern in China. In this research, the water quality index (WQI) and a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to assess groundwater quality and identify pollution sources in the Ye River area of northern China. Research found that TH, SO, and NO were the main groundwater pollution factors in the Ye River area, since their exceeding standard rates were 78.13, 34.38, and 59.38%, respectively. The main groundwater hydrochemical type has changed from HCO-Ca(Mg) to HCO·SO-Ca(Mg). These data indicated that the groundwater quality was affected by anthropogenic activities. Spatial variation in groundwater quality was mainly influenced by land use, whereas temporal variation was mainly controlled by rainfall. The WQI indicated that the groundwater quality was better in the flood season than in the dry season due to the diluting effect of rainfall runoff. Notably, farmland groundwater quality was relatively poor as it was affected by various pollution sources. Based on the PMF model, the main groundwater pollution sources were domestic sewage (52.4%), industrial wastewater (24.1%), and enhanced water-rock interaction induced by intensely exploited groundwater (23.6%) in the dry season, while in the flood season they were domestic sewage and water-rock interaction (49.6%), agriculture nonpoint pollution (26.1%), and industrial wastewater and urban nonpoint pollution (23.9%). In addition, the mean contribution of domestic sewage and industrial sewage to sampling sites in the dry season (1489 and 322.5 mg/L, respectively) were higher than that in the flood season (1158 and 273.6 mg/L, respectively). To sum up, the point sources (domestic sewage and industrial wastewater) remain the most important groundwater pollution sources in this region. Therefore, the local government should enhance the sewage treatment infrastructure and exert management of fertilization strategies to increase the fertilizer utilization rate and prevent further groundwater quality deterioration.
地下水质量恶化在中国引起了广泛关注。本研究采用水质指数（WQI）和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型评估了中国北方冶河流域地下水质量，并识别了污染源。研究发现，TH、SO 和 NO 是冶河流域地下水的主要污染因子，其超标率分别为 78.13%、34.38%和 59.38%。地下水主要水化学类型已由 HCO-Ca（Mg）型转变为 HCO·SO-Ca（Mg）型。这些数据表明，地下水质量受到人为活动的影响。地下水质量的空间变化主要受土地利用的影响，而时间变化主要受降雨的控制。WQI 表明，由于降雨径流的稀释作用，地下水质量在雨季比旱季好。值得注意的是，农田地下水质量较差，因为它受到各种污染源的影响。基于 PMF 模型，旱季地下水的主要污染源为生活污水（52.4%）、工业废水（24.1%）和强烈开采地下水引起的增强水岩相互作用（23.6%），而雨季则为生活污水和水岩相互作用（49.6%）、农业非点源污染（26.1%）和工业废水和城市非点源污染（23.9%）。此外，旱季生活污水和工业污水对采样点的平均贡献率（分别为 1489 和 322.5mg/L）高于雨季（分别为 1158 和 273.6mg/L）。综上所述，点源（生活污水和工业废水）仍是该地区最重要的地下水污染源。因此，当地政府应加强污水处理基础设施建设，加强施肥策略管理，提高肥料利用率，防止地下水质量进一步恶化。
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