Bucciarelli G M, Alsalek Farid, Kats L B, Green D B, Shaffer H B
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; email:
La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2022 Feb 15;10:63-80. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-024716.
Toxin evolution in animals is one of the most fascinating and complex subjects of scientific inquiry today. Gaining an understanding of toxins poses a multifaceted challenge given the diverse modes of acquisition, evolutionary adaptations, and abiotic components that affect toxin phenotypes. Here, we highlight some of the main genetic and ecological factors that influence toxin evolution and discuss the role of antagonistic interactions and coevolutionary dynamics in shaping the direction and extent of toxicity and resistance in animals. We focus on toxic Pacific newts (family Salamandridae, genus ) as a system to investigate and better evaluate the widely distributed toxin they possess, tetrodotoxin (TTX), and the hypothesized model of arms-race coevolution with snake predators that is used to explain phenotypic patterns of newt toxicity. Finally, we propose an alternative coevolutionary model that incorporates TTX-producing bacteria and draws from an elicitor-receptor concept to explain TTX evolution and ecology.
动物毒素的进化是当今科学研究中最引人入胜且复杂的课题之一。鉴于毒素获取的多样模式、进化适应性以及影响毒素表型的非生物成分，深入了解毒素构成了一个多方面的挑战。在此，我们着重介绍一些影响毒素进化的主要遗传和生态因素，并探讨拮抗相互作用和协同进化动态在塑造动物毒性和抗性的方向及程度方面所起的作用。我们聚焦于有毒的太平洋蝾螈（蝾螈科，属）作为一个系统，来研究并更好地评估它们所拥有的广泛分布的毒素——河豚毒素（TTX），以及用于解释蝾螈毒性表型模式的与蛇类捕食者的军备竞赛协同进化假设模型。最后，我们提出一种替代的协同进化模型，该模型纳入了产生TTX的细菌，并借鉴了诱导物 - 受体概念来解释TTX的进化和生态学。
