Doğuş University, Department of Psychology, İstanbul, Turkey; Neurometrika Medical Technologies R&D, LLC, Ankara, Turkey.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2022 Jul;177:43-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.02.007. Epub 2022 Feb 20.
The present review focuses on the development of attention as indexed in the electrical activity of the brain under a systematic framework of attention-related paradigms and experimental tasks in typically developing children (TDC). The framework is organized according to the filter and selective-set paradigms of attention research and experimental tasks that these models commonly use. The first part of the review discusses age-variant changes in the event-related potentials (ERPs) of TDC. Age affects the parameters of the various attention-related components (latencies and amplitudes) independently and differentially. The changes are mainly in the form of decreasing latencies, showing that aging increases the speed and efficiency of attentional processing. High task difficulty and cognitive load produce a shift in TDC from early selection, which involves a perceptual analysis, to late selection, which involves target detection. The second part of the review discusses attentional processing in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Relative to TDC, ERP differences in ADHD are mainly represented in component amplitudes, which normally vary according to task difficulty and cognitive load. The literature permits a review of the differences between children with ADHD and age-matched TDC in not only ERPs but also in resting electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related oscillations (EROs). Some of the differences between children with ADHD and TDC are quantitative and in the form of maturational lag, while others are qualitative and in the form of maturational deviance. The early gamma-band response (GBR) appears to be a significant biomarker of ADHD. The match-and-utilization model, which delineates the pervasive role that early GBR plays in the bottom-up and top-down processes of attention, applies to ADHD. The integrative approach of the present review reveals the gaps in the relevant literature and suggests directions for future studies by way of which a comprehensive understanding of ADHD may be possible.
本综述重点关注在典型发展儿童（TDC）的注意力相关范式和实验任务的系统框架下，大脑电活动所反映的注意力发展。该框架是根据注意研究的过滤和选择性注意范式以及这些模型常用的实验任务组织的。综述的第一部分讨论了 TDC 的事件相关电位（ERPs）的年龄变化。年龄会独立且不同地影响各种注意力相关成分的参数（潜伏期和振幅）。这些变化主要表现为潜伏期缩短，表明随着年龄的增长，注意力处理的速度和效率提高。高任务难度和认知负荷会使 TDC 从早期选择（涉及感知分析）转移到晚期选择（涉及目标检测）。综述的第二部分讨论了注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的注意力处理。与 TDC 相比，ADHD 的 ERP 差异主要表现在成分振幅上，这些振幅通常根据任务难度和认知负荷而变化。文献允许对 ADHD 儿童与年龄匹配的 TDC 之间不仅在 ERPs 上，而且在静息脑电图（EEG）和事件相关振荡（EROs）上的差异进行综述。ADHD 儿童与 TDC 之间的一些差异是数量上的，表现为成熟滞后，而另一些差异是定性的，表现为成熟偏差。早期伽马波段反应（GBR）似乎是 ADHD 的一个重要生物标志物。描述早期 GBR 在注意力的自下而上和自上而下过程中普遍作用的匹配和利用模型适用于 ADHD。本综述的综合方法揭示了相关文献中的空白，并通过提出未来研究的方向，为全面理解 ADHD 提供了可能。
