From the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
Anesth Analg. 2022 Aug 1;135(2):290-306. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005944. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
Management of acute perioperative pain in the geriatric patient can be challenging as the physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes associated with aging may predispose older patients to opioid-related side effects. Furthermore, elderly adults are more susceptible to postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, which may be exacerbated by both poorly controlled postoperative pain and commonly used pain medications. This narrative review summarizes the literature published in the past 10 years for several nonopioid analgesics commonly prescribed to the geriatric patient in the perioperative period. Nonopioid analgesics are broken down as follows: medications prescribed throughout the perioperative period (acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), medications limited to the acute perioperative setting ( N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, dexmedetomidine, dexamethasone, and local anesthetics), and medications to be used with caution in the geriatric patient population (gabapentinoids and muscle relaxants). Our search identified 1757 citations, but only 33 specifically focused on geriatric analgesia. Of these, only 21 were randomized clinical trials' and 1 was a systematic review. While guidance in tailoring pain regimens that focus on the use of nonopioid medications in the geriatric patient is lacking, we summarize the current literature and highlight that some nonopioid medications may extend benefits to the geriatric patient beyond analgesia.
老年患者围手术期急性疼痛的管理具有挑战性,因为与衰老相关的生理和药代动力学变化可能使老年患者易发生阿片类药物相关的副作用。此外,老年人更容易发生术后谵妄和术后认知功能障碍,这可能因术后疼痛控制不佳和常用止痛药而加重。本综述总结了过去 10 年在围手术期期间为老年患者开具的几种常用非阿片类镇痛药的文献。非阿片类镇痛药如下:围手术期全程开具的药物(对乙酰氨基酚和非甾体抗炎药)、仅在急性围手术期开具的药物(N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂、右美托咪定、地塞米松和局部麻醉药)以及在老年患者人群中谨慎使用的药物(加巴喷丁类药物和肌肉松弛剂)。我们的搜索共确定了 1757 条引文,但只有 33 条专门针对老年患者的镇痛。其中,只有 21 项为随机临床试验,1 项为系统评价。虽然在为老年患者量身定制疼痛方案时缺乏关注非阿片类药物使用的指导,但我们总结了当前的文献,并强调一些非阿片类药物除了镇痛之外,可能会给老年患者带来更多益处。
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