Rydström Annie, Mullaart Mattias Söderholm, Novakazi Fjollë, Johansson Mikael, Eriksson Alexander
Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Hum Factors. 2023 Dec;65(8):1841-1857. doi: 10.1177/00187208211053460. Epub 2022 Feb 25.
The objective of this semi-controlled study was to investigate drivers' performance when resuming control from an Automated Driving System (ADS), simulated through the Wizard of Oz method, in real traffic.
Research on take-overs has primarily focused on urgent scenarios. This article aims to shift the focus to non-critical take-overs from a system operating in congested traffic situations.
Twenty drivers drove a selected route in rush-hour traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, USA. During the drive, the ADS became available when predetermined availability conditions were fulfilled. When the system was active, the drivers were free to engage in non-driving related activities.
The results show that drivers' transition time goes down with exposure, making it reasonable to assume that some experience is required to regain control with comfort and ease. The novel analysis of after-effects of automated driving on manual driving performance implies that the after-effects were close to negligible. Observational data indicate that, with exposure, a majority of the participants started to engage in non-driving related activities to some extent, but it is unclear how the activities influenced the take-over performance.
The results indicate that drivers need repeated exposure to take-overs to be able to fully resume manual control with ease.
Take-over signals (e.g., visuals, sounds, and haptics) should be carefully designed to avoid startle effects and the human-machine interface should provide clear guidance on the required take-over actions.
本半控制研究的目的是调查驾驶员在从自动驾驶系统（ADS）恢复控制权时的表现，该系统通过奥兹巫师方法模拟，处于真实交通环境中。
关于接管的研究主要集中在紧急情况。本文旨在将重点转移到在拥堵交通状况下运行的系统的非关键接管上。
20名驾驶员在美国加利福尼亚州旧金山湾区的高峰时段交通中驾驶选定路线。在驾驶过程中，当满足预定的可用条件时，ADS可用。当系统启动时，驾驶员可以自由从事与驾驶无关的活动。
结果表明，驾驶员的过渡时间随着接触次数的增加而减少，因此有理由认为需要一些经验才能轻松舒适地重新获得控制权。对自动驾驶对手动驾驶性能的后效应的新颖分析表明，后效应几乎可以忽略不计。观察数据表明，随着接触次数的增加，大多数参与者开始在一定程度上从事与驾驶无关的活动，但尚不清楚这些活动如何影响接管性能。
结果表明，驾驶员需要反复接触接管，才能轻松完全恢复手动控制。
接管信号（如视觉、声音和触觉）应精心设计，以避免惊吓效应，人机界面应就所需的接管操作提供明确指导。
