Koivisto Antti Joonas, Del Secco Benedetta, Trabucco Sara, Nicosia Alessia, Ravegnani Fabrizio, Altin Marko, Cabellos Joan, Furxhi Irini, Blosi Magda, Costa Anna, Lopez de Ipiña Jesús, Belosi Franco
Air Pollution Management APM, Mattilanmäki 38, 33610 Tampere, Finland.
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Feb 10;12(4):596. doi: 10.3390/nano12040596.
Spray coatings' emissions impact to the environmental and occupational exposure were studied in a pilot-plant. Concentrations were measured inside the spray chamber and at the work room in Near-Field (NF) and Far-Field (FF) and mass flows were analyzed using a mechanistic model. The coating was performed in a ventilated chamber by spraying titanium dioxide doped with nitrogen (TiON) and silver capped by hydroxyethylcellulose (Ag-HEC) nanoparticles (NPs). Process emission rates to workplace, air, and outdoor air were characterized according to process parameters, which were used to assess emission factors. Full-scale production exposure potential was estimated under reasonable worst-case (RWC) conditions. The measured TiO-N and Ag-HEC concentrations were 40.9 TiO-μg/m and 0.4 Ag-μg/m at NF (total fraction). Under simulated RWC conditions with precautionary emission rate estimates, the worker's 95th percentile 8-h exposure was ≤171 TiO and ≤1.9 Ag-μg/m (total fraction). Environmental emissions via local ventilation (LEV) exhaust were ca. 35 and 140 mg-NP/g-NP, for TiO-N and Ag-HEC, respectively. Under current situation, the exposure was adequately controlled. However, under full scale production with continuous process workers exposure should be evaluated with personal sampling if recommended occupational exposure levels for nanosized TiO and Ag are followed for risk management.
在中试工厂中研究了喷雾涂料排放对环境和职业暴露的影响。在喷雾室内以及近场（NF）和远场（FF）的工作室中测量了浓度，并使用机理模型分析了质量流量。通过喷涂掺氮二氧化钛（TiON）和羟基乙基纤维素包覆银（Ag-HEC）纳米颗粒（NPs）在通风室内进行涂层作业。根据工艺参数表征了向工作场所、空气和室外空气的工艺排放率，这些参数用于评估排放因子。在合理最坏情况（RWC）条件下估算了大规模生产的暴露潜力。在NF（总分数）下测得的TiO-N和Ag-HEC浓度分别为40.9 TiO-μg/m和0.4 Ag-μg/m。在具有预防性排放率估算的模拟RWC条件下，工人第95百分位数的8小时暴露量≤171 TiO和≤1.9 Ag-μg/m（总分数）。通过局部通风（LEV）排气的环境排放量，TiO-N和Ag-HEC分别约为35和140 mg-NP/g-NP。在当前情况下，暴露得到了充分控制。然而，在大规模连续生产过程中，如果遵循纳米级TiO和Ag的推荐职业暴露水平进行风险管理，则应通过个人采样来评估工人的暴露情况。
