Kumar Sudhir, Choubey Abhay Kumar, Srivastava Praveen Kumar
Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh- 225003, India.
Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh-229304, India.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2022 Apr;123:36-49. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.039. Epub 2022 Feb 23.
Immunostimulants, as feed additives, play an important role in maintaining fish health and enhancing their overall growth by providing resistance against diseases in cultured fish. At the initial stages of life of fish, innate immunity is the essential mechanism in their survival. Later, innate immunity has an instructive role in adapting acquired immune response and homeostasis through different receptor proteins. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the effect of dietary immunostimulants like algae, plant extracts, vitamins, herbs, probiotics, and prebiotics-containing diets in Indian major carps. Many bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens are responsible for high death rates in both wild and cultured fish. It's a major limiting factor for world aquaculture industries. Recognition of invading pathogens by different pathogen recognition receptor plays an important role for the activation of different pathways to initiate protective immune responses. Hence, there is a growing need to control the devastating effects of diseases without recourse to toxic chemicals or antibiotics. Keeping with alternative approaches without using toxic chemicals to control fish diseases in mind, many immunostimulants are used, which enhance immune responses along with their gene expression level through different signaling pathway. The objective of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current knowledge of various immunostimulants and their immune responses in three Indian major carps namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala, which are preferred by the people.
免疫刺激剂作为饲料添加剂，通过增强养殖鱼类对疾病的抵抗力，在维持鱼类健康和促进其整体生长方面发挥着重要作用。在鱼类生命的初始阶段，先天免疫是其生存的基本机制。随后，先天免疫通过不同的受体蛋白，在适应性免疫应答和体内平衡的调节中发挥指导作用。已有多项研究分析了藻类、植物提取物、维生素、草药、益生菌以及含益生元的饲料等膳食免疫刺激剂对印度主要鲤科鱼类的影响。许多细菌、真菌和病毒病原体导致野生和养殖鱼类的高死亡率，这是全球水产养殖业的一个主要限制因素。不同的病原体识别受体对入侵病原体的识别，在激活不同途径以启动保护性免疫反应中起着重要作用。因此，越来越需要在不依赖有毒化学物质或抗生素的情况下控制疾病的破坏性影响。考虑到采用不使用有毒化学物质的替代方法来控制鱼类疾病，人们使用了许多免疫刺激剂，它们通过不同的信号通路增强免疫反应及其基因表达水平。本综述的目的是总结和评估目前关于各种免疫刺激剂及其在印度三种主要鲤科鱼类（即印度鲃、露斯塔野鲮和麦瑞加拉鲮）中的免疫反应的知识，这三种鱼是人们喜爱的鱼类。
